Imibhalo yezinkampani ezintathu eziphezulu zaseJapan ayivelakancane kakhulu endaweni lapho imboni yezimoto yomhlaba ibe nomthelela omkhulu kukho kokubili ukukhiqizwa nokuthengisa.
Emakethe yezimoto yasekhaya, izimoto zaseJapane zingamandla angenakuzitshwa.Futhi izimoto zaseJapane esikhuluma ngazo ngokuvamile zibizwa ngokuthi "izinkambu ezimbili kanye nomkhiqizo owodwa", okuyiToyota, Honda, neNissan.Ikakhulukazi inqwaba yamaqembu abathengi bezimoto ezifuywayo, nginovalo lokuthi abanikazi bezimoto abaningi noma abazoba ngabanikazi bezimoto bazobhekana nakanjani nalezi zinkampani ezintathu zezimoto.Njengoba abathathu abaphezulu baseJapan besanda kumemezela imibhalo yabo yonyaka wezimali ka-2021 (April 1, 2021 - Mashi 31, 2022), siphinde sabuyekeza ukusebenza kwabathathu abaphezulu ngonyaka odlule.
I-Nissan: Imibhalo kanye nokufakwa kukagesi kufinyelela "izinkambu ezimbili"
Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ama-yen ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-8.42 (cishe ama-yuan ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-440.57) emalini engenayo noma ama-yen ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-215.5 (cishe ama-yuan ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-11.28) enzuzweni yonke, iNissan iphakathi kwamathathu aphezulu. Ukuba khona "phansi".Kodwa-ke, u-2021 wezezimali usengunyaka wokubuya okuqinile kwaNissan.Ngoba ngemuva “kwesigameko se-Ghosn”, iNissan ilahlekelwe iminyaka emithathu ilandelana ngaphambi konyaka wezimali ka-2021.Ngemuva kokunyuka konyaka nonyaka kwenzuzo yonke ifinyelele ku-664%, iphinde yazuza ushintsho ngonyaka odlule.
Kuhlanganiswe nohlelo lweminyaka emine lwe-Nissan “Nissan NEXT loguquko lwebhizinisi” oluqale ngoMeyi 2020, kuphakathi nendawo kulo nyaka.Ngokusho kwedatha esemthethweni, le nguqulo ye-Nissan yohlelo "lokunciphisa izindleko nokusebenza kahle" isize i-Nissan ukuthi ihlele kahle u-20% womthamo wokukhiqiza emhlabeni wonke, ithuthukise u-15% wemigqa yemikhiqizo yomhlaba wonke, futhi yehlise ama-yen ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-350 (cishe ama-yuan ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-18.31). ), eyayiphakeme cishe ngo-17% kunomgomo wokuqala owawuhlosiwe.
Ngokuphathelene nokudayisa, irekhodi lakwaNissan emhlabeni jikelele lezimoto ezingu-3.876 million lehle cishe ngo-4% unyaka nonyaka.Ngokucabangela izici ezifana nemvelo ye-supply chain yokushoda kwama-chip emhlabeni wonke ngonyaka odlule, lokhu kwehla kusesenengqondo.Kodwa-ke, kufanelekile ukuqaphela ukuthi emakethe yaseShayina, ehlanganisa cishe ingxenye eyodwa kwezintathu yokuthengiswa kwayo okuphelele, ukuthengiswa kweNissan kwehle cishe ngo-5% unyaka nonyaka, kanti isabelo sayo semakethe siphinde sehla sisuka ku-6.2% saya ku-5.6%.Ngonyaka wezimali ka-2022, abakwaNissan balindele ukuthola amaphuzu amasha okukhula ezimakethe zase-US nase-Europe ngenkathi kusimamisa umfutho wokuthuthukiswa kwemakethe yaseShayina.
Ukufakwa kukagesi ngokusobala yikona okugxilwe kukho ekuthuthukisweni okulandelayo kweNissan. Ngezakudala ezifana neLeaf, impumelelo yakwaNissan njengamanje emkhakheni wokufaka ugesi kuyacaca ukuthi ayigculisi.Ngokwe-“Vision 2030”, abakwaNissan bahlela ukwethula amamodeli afakelwe ugesi angu-23 (okuhlanganisa namamodeli kagesi ahlanzekile angu-15) ngonyaka wezimali ka-2030.Emakethe yaseShayina, abakwaNissan banethemba lokufeza inhloso yamamodeli okushayela ugesi okubalelwa ngaphezu kuka-40% wesamba esithengisiwe sezimali zika-2026.Ngokufika kwezinhlobo zobuchwepheshe be-e-POWER, iNissan igcwalise i-avault yokuqala kuneToyota neHonda endleleni yezobuchwepheshe.Ngemuva kokukhishwa kwethonya lamanje le-supply chain, ingabe umthamo wokukhiqiza wakwaNissan uzofinyelela “izinkambu ezimbili” ethrekhi entsha?
I-Honda: Ngaphezu kwezimoto zikaphethiloli, ukufakwa kukagesi kungathembela nasekumpontshelwe igazi ngesithuthuthu
Indawo yesibili kulo mbhalo i-Honda, enenzuzo engu-14.55 trillion yen (cishe ama-yuan ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-761.1), ukunyuka konyaka ngo-10.5%, kanye nokwenyuka konyaka ngonyaka ngo-7.5% wenzuzo yonke ukuya ku-707 ama-yen aseJapane ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-37 (cishe ama-yuan ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-37).Mayelana nemali engenayo, ukusebenza kweHonda ngonyaka odlule akukwazanga ngisho nokuhambisana nokwehla okukhulu eminyakeni yezimali ka-2018 no-2019.Kodwa inzuzo yonke ikhula kancane kancane.Ngaphansi kwesimo sokuncishiswa kwezindleko nokwenza ngcono ukusebenza kahle kwezinkampani zezimoto ezijwayelekile emhlabeni wonke, ukwehla kwemali engenayo kanye nokwenyuka kwenzuzo kubukeka sekuyindikimba enkulu, kodwa kwaHonda kusenowabo ngokukhethekile.
Ngaphandle kwe-yen ebuthaka eshiwo abakwaHonda embikweni wabo weholo ukuze isize inzuzo yenkampani egxile ekuthumeleni kwamanye amazwe, imali engenayo yale nkampani onyakeni wezimali odlule yayingenxa yokukhula kwebhizinisi lezithuthuthu kanye nezinsizakalo zezezimali.Ngokwemininingwane efanele, imali engenayo yebhizinisi lezithuthuthu zakwaHonda inyuke ngo-22.3% unyaka nonyaka onyakeni wezimali odlule.Ngokuphambene, ukukhula kwemali engenayo yebhizinisi lezimoto bekungama-6.6%.Noma ngabe kuyinzuzo yokusebenza noma inzuzo enkulu, ibhizinisi lezimoto lakwaHonda liphansi kakhulu kunebhizinisi lezithuthuthu.
Eqinisweni, uma sibheka kusukela ekuthengisweni onyakeni wemvelo ka-2021, ukusebenza kokuthengisa kwe-Honda ezimakethe ezimbili ezinkulu zase-China nase-United States kusamangalisa.Nokho, ngemva kokungena kwikota yokuqala, ngenxa yomthelela wochungechunge lokuhlinzekwa kwempahla kanye nezingxabano zendawo, i-Honda yehle kakhulu kulezi zisekelo ezimbili ezingenhla.Nokho, ngokombono wamathrendi amakhulu, ukwehla kwebhizinisi lezimoto lakwaHonda kuhlobene kakhulu nokwenyuka kwezindleko ze-R&D emkhakheni wayo wokufaka ugesi.
Ngokwesu lakamuva lakwaHonda lokufaka ugesi, eminyakeni eyishumi ezayo, abakwaHonda bahlela ukutshala imali engu-8 trillion yen ezindlekweni zocwaningo nentuthuko (cishe ama-yuan ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingama-418.48).Uma kubalwa ngenzuzo yonke yonyaka wezimali ka-2021, lokhu kucishe kulingane nenzuzo yonke yeminyaka engaphezu kwengu-11 etshalwe kunguquko.Phakathi kwabo, imakethe yaseShayina ethuthuka ngokushesha yezimoto zamandla amasha, AbakwaHonda bahlela ukwethula amamodeli kagesi ahlanzekile ayi-10 phakathi neminyaka emi-5. Imodeli yokuqala yochungechunge lwayo olusha lwe-e:N nayo seyenziwe noma yalungiselelwa ukuthengiswa e-Dongfeng Honda naku-GAC Honda ngokulandelana.Uma ezinye izinkampani zezimoto zendabuko zithembele ekumpontshelwe igazi lemoto kaphethiloli ukuze kufakwe ugesi, i-Honda izodinga igazi eliningi elivela ebhizinisini lezithuthuthu.
Toyota: Inzuzo Net = kathathu kuneHonda + Nissan
Umphathi wokugcina ngokungangabazeki iToyota. Ngonyaka wezimali wezi-2021, iToyota yawina ama-yen ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingama-31.38 (cishe ama-yuan ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane eziyi-1,641.47) emalini engenayo, yaphinde yathatha ama-yen ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-2.85 (cishe ama-yen ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-2.85). 149 billion yuan), ikhuphuke ngo-15.3% no-26.9% unyaka nonyaka ngokulandelana.Ayisaphathwa-ke eyokuthi imali engenayo idlula isamba seHonda neNissan, kanti inzuzo yayo yonke iphindwe kathathu kuneyalaba ababili abangenhla.Ngisho noma kuqhathaniswa nembangi yakudala yakwaVolkswagen, ngemuva kokuthi inzuzo yayo enkulu ngokwezimali ngo-2021 inyuke ngo-75% unyaka nonyaka, bekungama-euro ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane eziyi-15.4 kuphela (cishe ama-yuan ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane eziyi-108.8).
Kungashiwo ukuthi ikhadi lombiko lakwaToyota lonyaka wezimali ka-2021 libaluleke kakhulu. Okokuqala nje, inzuzo yayo yokusebenza yaze yadlula inani eliphezulu lonyaka wezimali wezi-2015, nokubeka irekhodi eliphezulu eminyakeni eyisithupha.Okwesibili, ngomsindo wokwehla kokuthengwa kwempahla, ukuthengiswa kweToyota emhlabeni jikelele ngonyaka wezimali kusangaphezu kwezigidi eziyi-10, kwafinyelela ezigidini eziyi-10.38, okuwukukhula konyaka ngo-4.7%.Nakuba iToyota inciphise noma iyeka kaningi ukukhiqiza onyakeni wezimali ka-2021, ngaphezu kokwehla kokukhiqizwa nokudayiswa emakethe yasekhaya yaseJapan, iToyota isebenze kakhulu ezimakethe zomhlaba ezihlanganisa iChina ne-United States.
Kodwa ekukhuleni kwenzuzo kweToyota, ukusebenza kwayo kokuthengisa kuyingxenye eyodwa kuphela.Kusukela kwaba nenkinga yezomnotho ngo-2008, iToyota kancane kancane yamukela uhlelo lwe-CEO yesifunda kanye nesu lokusebenza eduze nemakethe yendawo, futhi yakha umbono "wokunciphisa izindleko kanye nokwenyuka kwekhono" izinkampani eziningi zezimoto eziwusebenzisayo namuhla.Ukwengeza, ukuthuthukiswa kanye nokuqaliswa kwesakhiwo se-TNGA sekwenze isisekelo sokuthuthukiswa okuphelele kwamakhono omkhiqizo wayo kanye nokusebenza okuvelele emikhawulweni yenzuzo.
Kodwa-ke, uma ukwehla kwenani le-yen ngo-2021 kusengakwazi ukumunca umthelela wokwenyuka kwentengo okuthile kwezinto zokusetshenziswa, khona-ke ngemva kokungena engxenyeni yokuqala ka-2022, ukwenyuka okumangalisayo kwezinto zokusetshenziswa, kanye nomthelela oqhubekayo wokuzamazama komhlaba kanye nepolitiki yezwe. izingxabano ohlangothini ukukhiqizwa, ukwenza Japanese ezintathu Strong, ikakhulukazi Toyota enkulu udonsa kanzima.Khona manjalo, kwaToyota bahlela ukutshala imali engu-8 trillion yen ocwaningweni nasekuthuthukisweni okuhlanganisa ihybrid, fuel cellnamamodeli ahlanzekile kagesi.Futhi uguqule i-Lexus ibe uhlobo lukagesi oluhlanzekile ngo-2035.
bhala ekugcineni
Kungashiwo ukuthi amanyuvesi amathathu aphezulu aseJapan wonke alethe imibhalo edonsa amehlo esivivinyweni sakamuva sonyaka.Lokhu kuyivelakancane kakhulu endaweni lapho imboni yezimoto yomhlaba ibe nomthelela omkhulu kukho kokubili ukukhiqizwa nokuthengisa.Kodwa-ke, ngaphansi kwethonya lezici ezifana nezingxabano ze-geopolitical eziqhubekayo kanye nezingcindezi eziqhubekayo ze-supply chain.Ezinkampanini ezintathu eziphezulu zaseJapan ezithembele kakhulu emakethe yomhlaba, kungase kudingeke ukuthi zithwale ingcindezi kunezinkampani zezimoto zaseYurophu, eMelika naseShayina.Ngaphezu kwalokho, kuthrekhi entsha yamandla, abathathu abaphezulu baningi abajaha.Ukutshalwa kwezimali okuphezulu kwe-R&D, kanye nokukhushulwa komkhiqizo nokuncintisana okulandelayo, nakho kwenza iToyota, Honda, kanye neNissan zisabhekene nezinselelo eziqhubekayo ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.
Umbhali: Ruan Song
Isikhathi sokuthumela: May-17-2022