UTesla usanda kumemezela ukuthi isizukulwane esilandelayo samamotho kazibuthe ahlala unomphela alungiselelwe ezimotweni zawo zikagesi ngeke asebenzise izinto zomhlaba ezingavamile nhlobo!
Isiqubulo se-Tesla: Ozibuthe basemhlabeni abangavamile baqedwa ngokuphelele
kuyiqiniso lokhu?
Eqinisweni, ngo-2018, ama-93% ezimoto zikagesi emhlabeni zazifakwe i-powertrain eshayelwa yimoto kazibuthe ehlala njalo eyenziwe ngomhlaba ongavamile. Ngo-2020, ama-77% emakethe yezimoto zikagesi emhlabeni wonke asebenzisa amamotho kazibuthe ahlala njalo. Izingqapheli zemboni yezimoto zikagesi zikholelwa ukuthi njengoba iChina isibe yizimakethe ezinkulu zezimoto zikagesi, futhi iChina ilawule kakhulu ukuhlinzekwa komhlaba ongavamile, mancane amathuba okuthi iChina izoshintsha emshinini ozibuthe unomphela. Kodwa siyini isimo sikaTesla futhi ucabangani ngaso? Ngo-2018, uTesla wasebenzisa injini ye-synchronous kazibuthe egxilile okokuqala ngqa kuModel 3, ngenkathi egcina injini yokungeniswa ku-axle yangaphambili. Njengamanje, i-Tesla isebenzisa izinhlobo ezimbili zamamotho ezimotweni zayo zikagesi ze-Model S kanye ne-X, eyodwa iyimoto kazibuthe yomhlaba engavamile kanti enye iyinjini yokungenisa. Izinjini zokungeniswa zinganikeza amandla engeziwe, futhi izinjini zokungeniswa ezinozibuthe abangapheli zisebenza kahle kakhulu futhi zingathuthukisa ibanga lokushayela ngo-10%.
Umsuka unomphela uzibuthe motor Ekhuluma ngalokhu, kufanele sisho ukuthi i-rare earth permanent magnet motor yavela kanjani. Wonke umuntu uyazi ukuthi uzibuthe ukhiqiza ugesi futhi ugesi ukhiqiza uzibuthe, futhi isizukulwane semoto asinakuhlukaniswa nensimu kazibuthe. Ngakho-ke, kunezindlela ezimbili zokunikeza insimu kazibuthe: ukuvusa kanye uzibuthe unomphela. Amamotho e-DC, ama-synchronous motors kanye nezinjini ezikhethekile eziningi ezincane zonke zidinga inkambu kazibuthe ye-DC. Indlela evamile ukusebenzisa ikhoyili enamandla (okuthiwa isigxobo kazibuthe) esinomnyombo wensimbi ukuze uthole indawo kazibuthe, kodwa okubi kakhulu ngale ndlela ukuthi igesi yamanje ilahlekelwa amandla kumandla okumelana ikhoyili (ukukhiqiza ukushisa), ngaleyo ndlela inciphise. ukusebenza kahle kwezimoto nokwandisa izindleko zokusebenza. Ngalesi sikhathi, abantu bacabanga - uma kukhona insimu yamagnetic unomphela, futhi ugesi ungasasetshenziselwa ukukhiqiza i-magnetism, khona-ke inkomba yezomnotho yemoto izothuthukiswa. Ngakho-ke ngeminyaka yawo-1980, kwavela izinhlobonhlobo zezinto zikazibuthe ezihlala njalo, zabe sezisetshenziswa kumamotho, okwenza izinjini zikazibuthe ezihlala njalo.
Imoto kazibuthe yomhlaba engavamile iyahola Ngakho yiziphi izinto ezingenza omazibuthe unomphela? Abasebenzisi abaningi benethiwekhi bacabanga ukuthi kunohlobo olulodwa kuphela lwezinto ezibonakalayo. Eqinisweni, kunezinhlobo ezine eziyinhloko zozibuthe ezingakhiqiza insimu kazibuthe unomphela, okungukuthi: i-ceramic (i-ferrite), i-aluminium nickel cobalt (i-AlNiCo), i-samarium cobalt (i-SmCo) ne-neodymium iron boron (NdFeB). Ama-alloys kazibuthe we-neodymium akhethekile ahlanganisa i-terbium ne-dysprosium athuthukisiwe ngamazinga okushisa e-Curie aphezulu, okuwavumela ukuthi amelane namazinga okushisa afika ku-200°C.
Ngaphambi kweminyaka yawo-1980, izinto zikazibuthe ezihlala unomphela zaziyizibuthe ezihlala njalo ze-ferrite kanye nozibuthe be-alnico, kodwa ukuqina kwalezi zinto akunamandla kakhulu, ngakho-ke insimu kazibuthe ekhiqizwayo ibuthakathaka. Akukhona lokho kuphela, kodwa amandla aphoqelelayo alezi zinhlobo ezimbili zozibuthe unomphela aphansi, futhi uma ehlangabezana nensimu kazibuthe yangaphandle, athinteka kalula futhi akhishwe nguzibuthe, okuvimbela ukuthuthukiswa kwamamotho kazibuthe unomphela. Ake sikhulume ngozibuthe bomhlaba abangavamile. Eqinisweni, omazibuthe bomhlaba abangavamile bahlukaniswe ngezinhlobo ezimbili zozibuthe baphakade: umhlaba okhanyayo ongavamile kanye nomhlaba onzima ongavamile. Iziqiwu zomhlaba eziyivelakancane emhlabeni wonke ziqukethe cishe u-85% wemihlaba engavamile kanye no-15% osindayo wemihlaba engavamile. Lesi sakamuva sinikeza omazibuthe abalinganiselwe ngezinga lokushisa eliphezulu abafanele izicelo eziningi zezimoto. Ngemuva kweminyaka yawo-1980, kwavela umazibuthe ongapheli osebenza kakhulu osebenza emhlabeni wonke oyivelakancane we-NdFeB. Izinto ezinjalo zinokuqina okuphezulu, kanye nokuphoqelela okuphezulu nokukhiqizwa kwamandla, kodwa ngokuvamile aphansi amazinga okushisa e-Curie kunezinye izindlela. Imoto kazibuthe yomhlaba engavamile eyenziwe ngayo inezinzuzo eziningi, njengokusebenza kahle kakhulu, ayikho ikhoyili evusa amadlingozi, ngakho-ke akukho ukulahlekelwa amandla okuvusa; amandla kazibuthe ahlobene asondele kumshini womoya, okunciphisa inductance yemoto futhi kuthuthukise isici samandla. Kungenxa yesizathu esingcono kakhulu sokuminyana kwamandla nokusebenza kahle kwezinjini zikazibuthe zomhlaba ezingavamile ukuthi kunemiklamo eminingi ehlukene yamamotho kagesi oshayelayo, futhi adume kakhulu amamotho kazibuthe asemhlabeni angajwayelekile. U-Tesla ufuna ukususa Ukuncika emhlabeni ongavamile wamaShayina?
Wonke umuntu uyazi ukuthi i-China ihlinzeka ngezinsiza eziningi zomhlaba ezingavamile emhlabeni. I-United States nayo ikubonile lokhu eminyakeni yamuva. Abafuni ukucindezelwa yiChina ekuhlinzekeni ngomhlaba ongavamile. Ngakho-ke, ngemuva kokuthi uBiden ethathe izintambo, wazama ukukhulisa ukubamba iqhaza kwakhe ochungechungeni lokuhlinzekwa komhlaba olungavamile. Kungenye yezinto ezibalulekile zesiphakamiso sengqalasizinda esingu-$2 trillion. I-MP Materials, eyathenga imayini eyayivalwe ngaphambilini e-California ngo-2017, ilwela ukubuyisela uchungechunge lokuhlinzekwa komhlaba olungavamile lwase-US, igxile ku-neodymium ne-praseodymium, futhi inethemba lokuba umkhiqizi onezindleko eziphansi kakhulu. ULynas uthole uxhaso lukahulumeni lokwakha imboni yokulungisa umhlaba ongavamile e-Texas futhi unenye inkontileka yesikhungo esisindayo sokuhlukanisa umhlaba ongavamile e-Texas. Nakuba i-United States yenze imizamo eminingi kangaka, abantu embonini bakholelwa ukuthi esikhathini esifushane, ikakhulukazi mayelana nezindleko, i-China izogcina isikhundla esiphezulu ekuhlinzekeni komhlaba ongavamile, futhi i-United States ayikwazi ukuyinyakazisa nhlobo.
Mhlawumbe uTesla wakubona lokhu, futhi bacabanga ukusebenzisa omazibuthe abangapheli abangasebenzisi nhlobo umhlaba ongavamile njengezinjini. Lokhu ukucabangela okunesibindi, noma ihlaya, namanje asikazi. Uma u-Tesla elahla amamotho kazibuthe ahlala unomphela futhi ashintshele emuva kumamotho wokungenisa, lokhu akubonakali kuyisitayela sabo sokwenza izinto. Futhi uTesla ufuna ukusebenzisa amamotho kazibuthe unomphela, futhi ulahla ngokuphelele izibuthe zomhlaba ezingavamile, ngakho-ke kukhona amathuba amabili: eyodwa iwukuba nemiphumela emisha ku-ceramic yasekuqaleni (i-ferrite) kanye nozibuthe be-AlNiCo unomphela, Owesibili ukuthi omagnethi baphakade abenziwe ezinye izinto ezingezona ezingavamile zengxubevange yomhlaba nazo zingagcina umphumela ofanayo nowezibuthe womhlaba ongavamile. Uma kungezona lezi ezimbili, kungenzeka ukuthi uTesla udlala ngemiqondo. UDa Vukovich, umongameli we-Alliance LLC, wake wathi “ngenxa yezici zezibuthe zomhlaba eziyivelakancane, azikho ezinye izinto zikazibuthe ezingafanelana nokusebenza kwazo okuphezulu. Ngeke ukwazi ukufaka esikhundleni sikamazibuthe abangavamile”.
Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi i-Tesla idlala ngemiqondo noma ifuna ngempela ukususa ukuncika kwayo ekuhlinzekeni komhlaba okungavamile kwe-China ngokuya ngamamotho kazibuthe unomphela, umhleli ukholelwa ukuthi izinsiza zomhlaba ezingavamile ziyigugu kakhulu, futhi kufanele sizithuthukise ngokunengqondo, futhi sikhokhe ngaphezulu. ukunaka izizukulwane ezizayo. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, abacwaningi badinga ukwandisa imizamo yabo yocwaningo. Masingasho ukuthi ukwakheka kukaTesla kuhle noma cha, okungenani kusinikeze ukusikisela nokukhuthazeka.
