Lokhu kubandakanya izindleko zokuqala zemoto, izindleko zikaphethiloli, izindleko zikagesi kanye nezindleko zokushintsha amabhethri e-EV.Amabhethri ngokuvamile alinganiselwe amamayela angu-100,000 neminyaka engu-8 yebanga, futhi izimoto ngokuvamile zihlala kabili lokho.Umnikazi uyobe esethenga ibhethri elingena esikhundleni ngesikhathi sokuphila kwemoto, okungabiza kakhulu.
Izindleko ngemayela ngamakilasi ezimoto ahlukene ngokuya nge-NREL
Abafundi kungenzeka babone imibiko yokuthi ama-EV abiza kancane kunezimoto zikaphethiloli; nokho, lezi ngokuvamile bezisekelwe “ocwaningweni” “olukhohliwe” ukuze lufake izindleko zokushintshwa kwebhethri.Ongoti bezomnotho kwa-EIA kanye ne-NREL bayakhuthazwa ukuthi bagweme ukuchema komuntu siqu njengoba kunciphisa ukunemba.Umsebenzi wabo ukubikezela okuzokwenzeka, hhayi lokho abafuna kwenzeke.
Amabhethri ashintshwayo anciphisa izindleko zezimoto zikagesi ngalokhu:
· Izimoto eziningi zihamba ngaphansi kwamamayela angu-45 ngosuku.Khona-ke, ezinsukwini eziningi, bangasebenzisa ibhethri elibiza kancane, elinobubanzi obuphansi (sisho, amamayela angu-100) futhi balishaje ngobusuku bonke.Ohambweni olude, bangasebenzisa amabhethri abizayo, ahlala isikhathi eside, noma bawashintshe njalo.
· Abanikazi bamanje be-EV bangashintsha amabhethri ngemva kokwehla ngo-20% kuya ku-35%.Kodwa-ke, amabhethri ashintshwayo ahlala isikhathi eside ngoba atholakala njengamandla amancane amabhethri lapho ekhula.Abashayeli ngeke bawubone umehluko phakathi kwebhethri elisha elingu-150 kWh nebhethri elidala elingu-300 kWh elehliswe ngo-50%.Zombili zizovela njengo-150 kWh ohlelweni.Uma amabhethri ehlala isikhathi eside kabili, amabhethri abiza kancane kabili.
Iziteshi zokushaja ngokushesha ezisengozini yokulahlekelwa yimali
Uma ubona isiteshi sokushaja esisheshayo, ingakanani iphesenti lesikhathi esisetshenziswayo? Ezimweni eziningi, hhayi kakhulu.Lokhu kungenxa yokuphazamiseka kanye nezindleko eziphezulu zokushaja, ukushaja kalula ekhaya, nenombolo enganele yezimoto zikagesi.Futhi ukusetshenziswa okuphansi kuvame ukuholela ezindlekweni zeplathifomu ezedlula imali engenayo yesikhulumi.Uma lokhu kwenzeka, iziteshi zingasebenzisa izimali zikahulumeni noma izimali zokutshalwa kwezimali ukukhokhela ukulahlekelwa; Nokho, lawa “makhambi” awasimeme.Iziteshi zikagesi zibiza kakhulu ngenxa yezindleko eziphezulu zemishini yokushaja ngokushesha kanye nezindleko eziphezulu zesevisi kagesi.Isibonelo, amandla egridi angu-150 kW ayadingeka ukushaja ibhethri elingu-50 kWh ngemizuzu engu-20 (150 kW × [20 ÷ 60]).Lelo inani elifanayo likagesi osetshenziswa amakhaya angu-120, futhi imishini yegridi ukusekela lokhu kuyabiza (isilinganiso sasekhaya sase-US sisebenzisa i-1.2 kW).
Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, iziteshi eziningi ezishaja ngokushesha azikwazi ukufinyelela inombolo enkulu yamagridi, okusho ukuthi azikwazi ukushaja izimoto eziningi ngesikhathi esisodwa.Lokhu kuholela kuchungechunge lwemicimbi elandelayo: ukushaja kancane, ukwaneliseka okuphansi kwamakhasimende, ukusetshenziswa kwesiteshi esiphansi, izindleko eziphakeme ikhasimende ngalinye, inzuzo ephansi yesiteshi, futhi ekugcineni babe abambalwa abangabanikazi beziteshi.
Idolobhakazi elinama-EV amaningi kanye nezindawo eziningi zokupaka emgwaqweni kungenzeka lenze ukushaja okusheshayo ukonga kakhulu.Kungenjalo, iziteshi zokushaja ngokushesha ezindaweni zasemakhaya noma ezisemadolobheni zivame ukuba sengcupheni yokulahlekelwa yimali.
Amabhethri ashintshwayo anciphisa ubungozi ekusebenzeni kwezomnotho kweziteshi zokushaja ngokushesha ngenxa yalezi zizathu ezilandelayo:
· Amabhethri emagumbini okushintshana angaphansi komhlaba angashajwa kancane, kuncishiswe amandla esevisi adingekayo futhi kunciphise nezindleko zokushaja.
Amabhethri egunjini lokushintshisana angadonsa amandla ebusuku noma lapho imithombo evuselelekayo isigcwele futhi nezindleko zikagesi ziphansi.
Izinto zomhlaba ezingavamile zisengozini yokuba zingavamile futhi zibize kakhulu
Ngo-2021, cishe izimoto zikagesi eziyizigidi ezingu-7 zizokhiqizwa emhlabeni jikelele.Uma ukukhiqizwa kwanda izikhathi ezingu-12 futhi kuqhutshwa iminyaka engu-18, izimoto zikagesi zingashintsha izimoto zegesi eziyizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-1.5 emhlabeni wonke futhi zikhiphe ukuthutha (izigidi ezingu-7 × 18 iminyaka × 12).Kodwa-ke, ama-EV ngokuvamile asebenzisa i-lithium engavamile, i-cobalt ne-nickel, futhi akucaci ukuthi kuzokwenzekani ngamanani alezi zinto uma ukusetshenziswa kukhuphuka kakhulu.
Izintengo zebhethri le-EV ngokuvamile ziyehla unyaka nonyaka.Kodwa-ke, lokhu akwenzekanga ngo-2022 ngenxa yokushoda kwezinto ezibonakalayo.Ngeshwa, izinto zomhlaba ezingavamile cishe zizoba yivelakancane, okuholela emananini aphezulu ebhethri.
Amabhethri ashintshekayo anciphisa ukuthembela ezintweni zomhlaba ezingavamile ngoba angasebenza kalula ngobuchwepheshe bebanga eliphansi obusebenzisa izinto zomhlaba ezingavamile (isibonelo, amabhethri e-LFP awasebenzisi i-cobalt).
Ukulinda ukushaja kwesinye isikhathi akulula
Amabhethri ashintshekayo anciphisa isikhathi sokuthela uphethiloli ngoba ukushintshwa kuyashesha.
Abashayeli kwesinye isikhathi bazizwa bekhathazekile ngebanga nokushaja
Ukushintshanisa kuzoba lula uma unamagumbi amaningi okushintshanisa namabhethri amaningi ayisipele ohlelweni.
I-CO2 ikhishwa lapho kushisa igesi yemvelo ukuze kukhiqizwe ugesi
Amagridi ngokuvamile anikwa amandla yimithombo eminingi.Ngokwesibonelo, nganoma yisiphi isikhathi, idolobha lingase lithole amaphesenti angu-20 kagesi emandleni enuzi, amaphesenti amathathu elanga, amaphesenti angu-7 emoyeni, namaphesenti angu-70 ezikhungweni zegesi yemvelo.Amapulazi elanga aphehla ugesi lapho ilanga libalele, amapulazi omoya akhiqiza ugesi lapho kunomoya, kanti eminye imithombo ivame ukunganqamuki.
Uma umuntu eshaja i-EV, okungenani umthombo wamandla owodwakugridi kwandisa okukhiphayo.Ngokuvamile, umuntu oyedwa kuphela ohilelekile ngenxa yokucatshangelwa okuhlukahlukene, njengezindleko.Futhi, ukukhishwa kwepulazi le-solar akunakwenzeka ukushintsha njengoba kubekwe ilanga futhi amandla alo ngokuvamile asevele esetshenzisiwe.Kungenjalo, uma ipulazi lelanga “ligcwele” (okungukuthi, ukulahla amandla aluhlaza ngoba maningi kakhulu), lingakhuphula umkhiqizo walo esikhundleni sokuwalahla.Abantu bangashaja ama-EV ngaphandle kokukhipha i-CO2 emthonjeni.
Amabhethri ashintshekayo anciphisa ukukhishwa kwe-CO2 ekuphehlisweni kukagesi ngoba amabhethri angashajwa kabusha lapho imithombo yamandla evuselelekayo isigcwele.
I-CO2 ikhishwa lapho kumbiwa izinto zomhlaba ezingavamile futhi kwenziwa amabhethri
Amabhethri ashintshekayo anciphisa ukukhishwa kwe-CO2 ekukhiqizweni kwebhethri ngoba amabhethri amancane asebenzisa izinto zomhlaba ezingandile kangako angasetshenziswa.
Ezokuthutha ziyinkinga yezigidigidi ezingama-$30
Kukhona cishe izimoto zegesi eziyizigidi eziyizinkulungwane eziyi-1.5 emhlabeni, futhi uma zingashintshwa ngezimoto zikagesi, ngayinye izobiza u-$ 20,000, ngezindleko eziphelele zamaRandi ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-30 (1.5 billion × $ 20,000).Izindleko ze-R&D zingathethelelwa uma, ngokwesibonelo, zehliswa ngo-10% ngokusebenzisa amakhulu ezigidigidi zamadola e-R&D eyengeziwe.Sidinga ukubona ezokuthutha njengenkinga ka-$30 trillion futhi senze ngokufanele—ngamanye amazwi, i-R&D eyengeziwe.Nokho, i-R&D ingazinciphisa kanjani izindleko zamabhethri ashintshwayo? Singaqala ngokuhlola imishini efaka ngokuzenzakalelayo ingqalasizinda engaphansi komhlaba.
Ekuphetheni
Ukuze kuyiswe amabhethri ashintshekayo phambili, ohulumeni noma izikhungo zingaxhasa ukuthuthukiswa kwamasistimu alandelayo ajwayelekile:
· Isistimu yebhethri yemoto kagesi eshintshwayo ye-Electromechanical
· Uhlelo lokuxhumana phakathi kwebhethri le-EV nokushajaindlela
· Uhlelo lokuxhumana phakathi kwemoto nesiteshi sokushintshwa kwebhethri
· Uhlelo lokuxhumana phakathi kwegridi yamandla kanye nephaneli yokubonisa imoto
· Isikhombikubona somsebenzisi we-smartphone kanye nesistimu yokukhokha isikhombimsebenzisi
· Shintsha, ukulondoloza kanye nezindlela zokushaja ezinosayizi abahlukene
Ukuthuthukisa uhlelo oluphelele kuze kufike ezingeni le-prototype kungadla amashumi ezigidi zamaRandi; nokho, ukuthunyelwa komhlaba wonke kungadla izigidigidi zamaRandi.
Isikhathi sokuthumela: Dec-16-2022