Isikhathi silungile futhi indawo ilungile, futhi zonke izinkampani zezimoto zikagesi zaseChina zigcwele. Kubonakala sengathi iChina isiyisizinda semboni yezimoto zikagesi emhlabeni.
Eqinisweni, eJalimane, uma iyunithi yakho inganikeli izinqwaba zokushaja, kungase kudingeke uzithengele wena. emnyango. Kodwa-ke, sihlala sixoxa ngokuthi kungani izinkampani eziningi zezimoto zaseJalimane ezinhle kakhulu zingakwazi ukwenza i-Tesla, futhi akunzima ukuthola izizathu manje.
Ngo-2014, uSolwazi Lienkamp we-Technical University yaseMunich washicilela incwadi entsha ethi “Status of electrical mobility 2014″, emahhala futhi evulekele umphakathi, wathi: “Nakuba izimoto zikagesi zinezinkinga ezihlukahlukene, angikaze ngiyibone imoto ekwazi ukuhamba ngogesi. vele ungumnikazi wokuhamba kukagesi. Umshayeli wemoto, aphinde angene egone imoto yesintu. Ngisho nemoto kagesi evamile ikulethela injabulo yokushayela, engenakuqhathaniswa nemoto kaphethiloli.” Imoto enjalo ingenza ngempela umnikazi wemoto angavuseleli Ukujikijela emuva ezingalweni zezimoto zesintu?
Njengoba sonke sazi, inhliziyo yemoto kagesi ibhethri.
Emotweni kagesi evamile, ngaphansi kokuhlolwa okujwayelekile kwaseYurophu, ukusetshenziswa kwamandla ngamakhilomitha angu-100 cishe ku-17kWh, okungukuthi, 17 kWh. UDkt. Thomas Pesce wafunda ukusetshenziswa kwamandla kwezimoto ezihlangene ngaphansi kokucushwa okufanele. Ngaphandle kokucabangela izindleko, ukusetshenziswa kwamandla okuhle kakhulu ngekhilomitha elingu-100 elitholwe ngokusebenzisa ubuchwepheshe obukhona obukhona kungaphezudlwana kuka-15kWh. Lokhu kusho ukuthi esikhathini esifushane, ukuzama ukunciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwamandla ngokuthuthukisa ukusebenza kahle kwemoto ngokwayo, ngisho nangaphandle kokucabangela izindleko ezengeziwe, umphumela wokulondoloza amandla uncane kakhulu.
Thatha isibonelo sebhethri lika-Tesla elingu-85kWh. Ibanga elijwayelekile lokushayela lingama-500km. Uma ukusetshenziswa kwamandla kwehliswa kufinyelele ku-15kWh/100km ngemizamo eyahlukene, ibanga lokushayela lingakhuphuka libe ngu-560km. Ngakho-ke, kungashiwo ukuthi impilo yebhethri yemoto ilingana nomthamo wephakethe lebhethri, futhi i-coefficient yokulinganisa ilinganiselwe. Ngokwaleli phuzu lokubuka, ukusetshenziswa kwamabhethri anomthamo omkhulu wamandla (kokubili amandla Wh/kg ngeyunithi yesisindo namandla Wh/L ngevolumu yeyunithi kudingeka kucatshangelwe) kubaluleke kakhulu ukuthuthukisa ukusebenza kwezimoto zikagesi, ngoba izimoto zikagesi, ibhethri ithatha ingxenye enkulu yesisindo esiphelele.
Zonke izinhlobo zamabhethri e-lithium-ion yiwona alindelwe kakhulu futhi asetshenziswa kakhulu. Amabhethri e-lithium asetshenziswa ezimotweni ikakhulukazi ahlanganisa ibhethri le-nickel cobalt lithium manganate ternary (NCM), ibhethri le-nickel cobalt lithium aluminate battery (NCA) kanye nebhethri ye-lithium iron phosphate (LPF).
1. Ibhethri le-nickel-cobalt lithium manganate ternary NCMisetshenziswa izimoto eziningi zikagesi phesheya ngenxa yezinga layo eliphansi lokukhiqiza ukushisa, ukuzinza okuhle, impilo ende, kanye nokuminyana kwamandla ka-150-220Wh/kg.
2. Ibhethri ye-lithium ye-NCA nickel-cobalt
U-Tesla usebenzisa leli bhethri. Ukuminyana kwamandla kuphezulu, ku-200-260Wh/kg, futhi kulindeleke ukuthi kufinyelele ku-300Wh/kg maduze. Inkinga eyinhloko yukuthi i-Panasonic kuphela engakhiqiza leli bhethri okwamanje, intengo iphakeme, futhi ukuphepha kubi kakhulu phakathi kwamabhethri e-lithium amathathu, okudinga ukuchithwa kokushisa okuphezulu kanye nesistimu yokuphatha ibhethri.
3. Ibhethri ye-LPF lithium iron phosphate Ekugcineni, ake sibheke ibhethri le-LPF elisetshenziswa kakhulu ezimotweni zikagesi zasekhaya. Ububi obukhulu balolu hlobo lwebhethri ukuthi ukuminyana kwamandla kuphansi kakhulu, okungafinyelela kuphela ku-100-120Wh/kg. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-LPF nayo inezinga eliphezulu lokuzikhulula. Akukho kulokhu okufiswa abenzi be-EV. Ukwamukelwa okusabalele kwe-LPF e-China kufana nokuyekethisa okwenziwa abakhiqizi basekhaya ekuphathweni kwebhethri ebizayo kanye nezinhlelo zokupholisa - amabhethri e-LPF anokuqina nokuphepha okuphezulu kakhulu, futhi angaqinisekisa ukusebenza okuzinzile ngisho nezinhlelo zokuphatha ibhethri ezingezinhle nempilo yebhethri ende. Enye inzuzo elethwa yilesi sici ukuthi amanye amabhethri e-LPF anamandla aphezulu kakhulu okukhipha amandla, angathuthukisa ukusebenza kwemoto. Ngaphezu kwalokho, intengo yamabhethri e-LPF iphansi kakhulu, ngakho-ke ifanele isu lamanje elisezingeni eliphansi neliphansi lezimoto zikagesi zasekhaya. Kodwa noma izothuthukiswa ngamandla njengobuchwepheshe bebhethri besikhathi esizayo, lusekhona uphawu lombuzo.
Kufanele libe likhulu kangakanani ibhethri lemoto kagesi emaphakathi? Ingabe iphakethe lebhethri elinezinkulungwane zamabhethri e-Tesla ochungechungeni nokuhambisana, noma iphakethe lebhethri elakhiwe ngamabhethri amakhulu ambalwa avela kwa-BYD? Lona umbuzo ongaphansi kocwaningo, futhi okwamanje ayikho impendulo eqondile. Izici kuphela zephakethe lebhethri elakhiwe amaseli amakhulu namaseli amancane ezethulwa lapha.
Uma ibhethri lilincane, indawo yokukhipha ukushisa iphelele yebhethri izoba nkulu uma kuqhathaniswa, futhi izinga lokushisa layo yonke iphakethe lebhethri lingalawulwa ngempumelelo ngomklamo ophusile wokushisa ukuze kuvinjelwe izinga lokushisa eliphezulu ukuthi lingasheshi futhi liphazamise ibhethri. impilo yebhethri. Ngokuvamile, amandla namandla okuminyana kwamabhethri anomthamo owodwa omncane kuzoba phezulu. Okokugcina, futhi okubaluleke nakakhulu, uma sikhuluma nje, amandla amancane ibhethri elilodwa elinawo, kwandisa ukuphepha kwayo yonke imoto. Iphakethe lebhethri elakhiwe inombolo enkulu yamaseli amancane, ngisho noma iseli elilodwa lihluleka, ngeke libangele inkinga enkulu kakhulu. Kodwa uma kunenkinga ngaphakathi kwebhethri elinomthamo omkhulu, ubungozi bokuphepha bukhulu kakhulu. Ngakho-ke, amaseli amakhulu adinga izisetshenziswa zokuvikela ezengeziwe, okwehlisa nakakhulu ukuminyana kwamandla wephakethe lebhethri elakhiwe amaseli amakhulu.
Kodwa-ke, ngesisombululo sikaTesla, ukungalungi nakho kuyabonakala. Izinkulungwane zamabhethri zidinga uhlelo lokuphatha ibhethri oluyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu, futhi izindleko ezengeziwe azikwazi ukubukelwa phansi. I-BMS (Isistimu Yokulawula Ibhethri) esetshenziswa kuVolkswagen E-Golf, imojula encane ekwazi ukuphatha amabhethri ayi-12, ibiza u-$17. Ngokusho kokulinganisa kwenani lamabhethri asetshenziswa uTesla, noma ngabe izindleko ze-BMS ezithuthukisiwe ziphansi, izindleko zokutshalwa kwezimali kukaTesla ku-BMS zingaphezu kwama-5,000 amadola aseMelika, okubalelwa ngaphezu kuka-5% wezindleko ze-BMS. imoto yonke. Kusukela kulo mbono, akunakushiwo ukuthi ibhethri elikhulu alilungile. Esimeni lapho intengo ye-BMS ingancishiswanga kakhulu, ubukhulu bephakethe lebhethri kufanele bunqunywe ngokuya ngokuma kwemoto.
Njengobunye ubuchwepheshe obuyisisekelo ezimotweni zikagesi, injini ivame ukuba yisisekelo sengxoxo, ikakhulukazi injini ye-watermelon kaTesla esebenza ngemoto yezemidlalo, okumangaza kakhulu (amandla aphezulu we-Model S motor angafinyelela ngaphezu kuka-300kW, The maximum I-torque ingu-600Nm, futhi amandla aphezulu aseduze namandla emoto eyodwa ye-EMU enesivinini esikhulu). Abanye abacwaningi embonini yezimoto yaseJalimane baphawule kanje:
I-Tesla isebenzisa cishe lutho ngaphandle kwezingxenye ezijwayelekile (umzimba we-aluminium,motor asynchronous for propulsion, ubuchwepheshe be-chassis obujwayelekile obunomoyaukumiswa, i-ESP kanye nesistimu yamabhuleki evamile enepompo yokuvala kagesi, amaseli aphathekayo njll.)
I-Tesla isebenzisa zonke izingxenye ezivamile, umzimba we-aluminium, ama-asynchronous motors, isakhiwo semoto esivamile, isistimu yamabhuleki nebhethri ye-laptop njll.
Okuwukuphela kwendlela emisha yangempela ilele kubuchwepheshe obuxhumanisa ibhethriamaseli, asebenzisa izintambo zokubopha u-Tesla anazo ilungelo lobunikazi, kanye nebhethriuhlelo lokuphatha olungakhanya “emoyeni”, okusho ukuthiimoto ayisadingi ukushayela iye endaweni yokusebenzela ukuze ithole izibuyekezo zesofthiwe.
Okuwukuphela kokusungulwa kobuhlakani kukaTesla kusekuphatheni kwabo ibhethri. Basebenzisa intambo yebhethri ekhethekile, kanye ne-BMS eyenza ukuxhumana okungenantambo okuqondile ngaphandle kwesidingo sokubuyela efekthri ukuze babuyekeze isofthiwe.
Eqinisweni, i-Tesla's high density asynchronous motor ayintsha kakhulu. Emfanekisweni wokuqala we-Roadster kaTesla, kusetshenziswa imikhiqizo ye-Tomita Electric yaseTaiwan, futhi imingcele ayihlukile kakhulu kumapharamitha amenyezelwe yi-Model S. Ocwaningweni lwamanje, izazi zasekhaya nakwamanye amazwe zinemiklamo yezindleko eziphansi, amandla aphezulu. ama-motor angafakwa ngokushesha ekukhiqizeni. Ngakho-ke uma ubheka lo mkhakha, gwema i-Tesla yenganekwane - Izinjini zikaTesla zilungile ngokwanele, kodwa azikho kahle kangangokuthi akekho omunye ongazakha.
Phakathi kwezinhlobo eziningi zezimoto, lezo ezivame ukusetshenziswa ezimotweni zikagesi ikakhulukazi ama-asynchronous motors (abuye abizwe ngokuthi ama-induction motors), ama-synchronous motors ajabulile angaphandle, ama-synchronous motors ozibuthe unomphela kanye nama-motor synchronous hybrid. Labo abakholelwa ukuthi amamotho amathathu okuqala anolwazi oluthile ngezimoto zikagesi bazoba nemiqondo ethile eyisisekelo. Ama-asynchronous motors anezindleko eziphansi nokuthembeka okuphezulu, ama-motor synchronous kazibuthe unomphela anamandla aphezulu nokusebenza kahle, usayizi omncane kodwa intengo ephezulu, kanye nokulawulwa kwesigaba sesivinini esikhulu. .
Kungenzeka ukuthi uke wezwa okuncane mayelana nama-motor synchronous hybrid, kodwa muva nje, abahlinzeki bezimoto abaningi base-Europe sebeqalile ukuhlinzeka ngalezi zimoto. Ubuningi bamandla nokusebenza kahle kuphezulu kakhulu, futhi umthamo wokulayisha ngokweqile unamandla, kodwa ukulawula akunzima, okulungele kakhulu izimoto zikagesi.
Akukho okukhethekile ngale moto. Uma kuqhathaniswa nemotho ye-synchronous kazibuthe ehlala unomphela, ngaphezu kozibuthe baphakade, i-rotor ibuye yengeze ukuvunguza okujabulisayo okufana ne-motor synchronous yendabuko. Imoto enjalo ayigcini nje ngokuba namandla amakhulu okuminyana okulethwa uzibuthe unomphela, kodwa futhi ingalungisa indawo kazibuthe ngokwezidingo ngokusebenzisa i-excitation winding, engalawulwa kalula esigabeni ngasinye sejubane. Isibonelo esijwayelekile i-HSM1 series motor ekhiqizwa yi-BRUSA eSwitzerland. Ijika lesici le-HSM1-10.18.22 linjengoba kukhonjisiwe emfanekisweni ongezansi. Amandla amakhulu angu-220kW kanye ne-torque engu-460Nm, kodwa ivolumu yayo ingu-24L kuphela (30 cm ububanzi no-34 cm ubude) futhi isisindo sayo silinganiselwa ku-76kg. Ukuminyana kwamandla kanye nokuminyana kwetorque ngokuyisisekelo kuqhathaniswa nemikhiqizo kaTesla. Yiqiniso, intengo ayishibhile. Le moto ifakwe isiguquli semvamisa, futhi intengo icishe ibe ngama-euro ayi-11,000.
Ngesidingo sezimoto zikagesi, ukuqoqwa kobuchwepheshe bezimoto kukhule ngokwanele. Okushodayo njengamanje injini eklanyelwe ngqo izimoto ezisebenza ngogesi, hhayi ubuchwepheshe bokwenza injini enjalo. Kukholakala ukuthi ngokuvuthwa kancane kancane kanye nokuthuthukiswa kwemakethe, ama-motor anamandla aphezulu azothandwa kakhulu, futhi intengo izosondela nakakhulu kubantu.
Ngesidingo sezimoto zikagesi, okwamanje kukhona ukushoda kuphela kwezinjini eziklanyelwe izimoto zikagesi. Kukholakala ukuthi ngokuvuthwa kancane kancane kanye nokuthuthukiswa kwemakethe, ama-motor anamandla aphezulu azothandwa kakhulu, futhi intengo izosondela nakakhulu kubantu.
Ucwaningo lwezimoto zikagesi ludinga ukubuyela ku-essence. Ingqikithi yezimoto zikagesi iyindlela yokuhamba ephephile futhi ethengekayo, hhayi ilabhorethri yobuchwepheshe beselula, futhi ayidingi ukusebenzisa ubuchwepheshe obuphambili kakhulu nobufashini. Ekuhlaziyeni kokugcina, kufanele kuhlelwe futhi kuklanywe ngokwezidingo zesifunda.
Ukuvela kukaTesla kukhombise abantu ukuthi ikusasa kumele libe ngezimoto zikagesi. Ukuthi izimoto zikagesi zesikhathi esizayo zizobukeka kanjani nokuthi iChina izoba siphi isikhundla embonini yezimoto zikagesi esikhathini esizayo namanje akwaziwa. Lokhu futhi kuwubuhle bomsebenzi wezimboni: ngokungafani nesayensi yemvelo, ngisho nomphumela ongenakugwemeka oboniswa yimithetho yesayensi yezenhlalo udinga ukuthi abantu bawufinyelele ngokuhlola okunzima nomzamo!
(Umbhali: Ikhandidethi le-PhD kubunjiniyela bezimoto zikagesi e-Technical University of Munich)
Isikhathi sokuthumela: Mar-24-2022