UTesla usanda kubhengeza ukuba isizukulwana esilandelayo seemotor zemagnethi ezisisigxina ezilungiselelwe kwiimoto zabo zombane aziyi kusebenzisa izinto ezinqabileyo zomhlaba konke konke!
Isilogeni sikaTesla: Iimagnethi zomhlaba ezinqabileyo ezisisigxina zipheliswe ngokupheleleyo
yinyani le?
Ngapha koko, ngo-2018, i-93% yezithuthi zombane zehlabathi zazixhotyiswe nge-powertrain eqhutywa yimagnethi esisigxina eyenziwe ngomhlaba onqabileyo. Ngo-2020, i-77% yemarike yemoto yombane yehlabathi isebenzisa iimotho zemagnethi ezisisigxina. Ababukeli beshishini lezithuthi zombane bakholelwa ukuba njengoko iChina ibe yenye yeemarike ezinkulu zezithuthi zombane, kwaye iChina ilawule kakhulu unikezelo lwemihlaba enqabileyo, akunakwenzeka ukuba iChina iya kutshintshela koomatshini bemagnethi abasisigxina. Kodwa yintoni imeko kaTesla kwaye ucinga njani ngayo? Ngo-2018, uTesla wasebenzisa i-magnetic synchronous motor efakwe ngokusisigxina okokuqala kwiModeli 3, ngelixa igcina i-motor induction kwi-axle yangaphambili. Okwangoku, uTesla usebenzisa iintlobo ezimbini zeenjini kwiModel S kunye ne-X yezithuthi zombane, enye yimoto yemagnethi enqabileyo yomhlaba kwaye enye yimoto yokungenisa. Iinjini zokungeniswa zinokubonelela ngamandla angakumbi, kwaye iimotor zokungenisa ezinemagnethi ezisisigxina zisebenza kakuhle kwaye zinokuphucula uluhlu lokuqhuba nge-10%.
Imvelaphi yemagnethi esisigxina motor Ukuthetha oku, kufuneka sikhankanye ukuba yavela njani i-motor magnetic esisigxina emhlabeni. Wonke umntu uyazi ukuba umazibuthe uvelisa umbane kwaye umbane uvelisa umazibuthe, kwaye isizukulwana semoto asinakwahlulwa kumhlaba wemagnethi. Ngoko ke, kukho iindlela ezimbini zokubonelela ngentsimi yamagnetic: ukuvuselela kunye nemagnethi esisigxina. Iinjini zeDC, iimotor ezilungelelanisiweyo kunye neenjini ezininzi ezincinci ezikhethekileyo zonke zifuna indawo yemagnethi yeDC. Indlela yemveli kukusebenzisa ikhoyili ene-energized (ebizwa ngokuba yi-pole magnetic) enentsimbi engundoqo ukuze ufumane i-magnetic field, kodwa eyona nto ingalunganga yale ndlela kukuba i-current inelahleko yamandla kwi-coil resistance (isizukulwana sobushushu), ngaloo ndlela inciphisa. ukusebenza kakuhle kwemoto kunye nokwandisa iindleko zokusebenza. Ngeli xesha, abantu bacinga - ukuba kukho intsimi yamagnetic esisigxina, kwaye umbane awusasetyenziselwa ukuvelisa i-magnetism, ngoko isalathisi sezoqoqosho semoto siya kuphuculwa. Ke malunga noo-1980, kwavela izinto ezahlukeneyo zemagnethi ezisisigxina, kwaye zaye zasetyenziswa kwiimotor, zenza iimotor zemagnethi ezisisigxina.
Injini yemagnethi esisigxina yomhlaba ikhokela Ngoko ke zeziphi izinto ezinokwenza iimagnethi ezisisigxina? Abasebenzisi be-intanethi abaninzi bacinga ukuba lunye kuphela uhlobo lwezinto eziphathekayo. Ngapha koko, kukho iintlobo ezine eziphambili zemagnethi ezinokuvelisa umhlaba osisigxina wemagnethi, ezizezi: i-ceramic (i-ferrite), i-aluminium nickel cobalt (i-AlNiCo), i-samarium cobalt (i-SmCo) kunye ne-neodymium iron boron (NdFeB). I-alloys ekhethekileyo yemagnethi ye-neodymium equka i-terbium kunye ne-dysprosium ziphuhliswe ngamaqondo obushushu eCurie aphezulu, okubavumela ukuba bamelane namaqondo obushushu aphezulu ukuya kuma-200°C.
Phambi kweminyaka yee-1980s, izixhobo zemagnethi esisigxina yayiziimagnethi ezisisigxina ze-ferrite kunye nemagnethi esisigxina yealnico, kodwa ukuhlala kwezi zixhobo akunamandla kakhulu, ngenxa yoko umhlaba wemagnethi owenziweyo ubuthathaka. Ayisiyiyo loo nto kuphela, kodwa amandla okunyanzeliswa kwezi ntlobo zimbini zeemagnethi ezisisigxina ziphantsi, kwaye xa sele zidibene nendawo yangaphandle yemagnethi, zichaphazeleka ngokulula kwaye zingabizizibuthe, ezithintela uphuhliso lweemotor ezisisigxina zemagnethi. Masithethe ngeemagnethi zomhlaba ezinqabileyo. Ngapha koko, iimagnethi zomhlaba ezinqabileyo zahlulwe zaba ziindidi ezimbini zemagnethi ezisisigxina: umhlaba onqabileyo okhanyayo kunye nomhlaba onqabileyo onzima. Oovimba bomhlaba obunqabileyo behlabathi baquka malunga nama-85% omhlaba onqabileyo okhanyayo kunye ne-15% yomhlaba onqabileyo onzima. Le yokugqibela ibonelela ngobushushu obuphezulu bemagnethi abalungele usetyenziso lweemoto ezininzi. Emva kweminyaka yoo-1980, kwavela umazibuthe osisigxina we-NdFeB osebenza kakhulu emhlabeni. Izixhobo ezinjalo zine-remanence ephezulu, kunye nokunyanzeliswa okuphezulu kunye nokuveliswa kwamandla, kodwa ngokubanzi kuphantsi kwamaqondo okushisa eCurie kunezinye iindlela. I-motor yemagnethi esisigxina yomhlaba enqabileyo eyenziwe ngayo ineenzuzo ezininzi, ezifana nokusebenza okuphezulu, akukho coil yokuvuselela, ngoko akukho kulahleka kwamandla okuvuselela; ukufikeleleka kwemagnethi kusondele kumatshini womoya, onciphisa inductance yemoto kunye nokuphucula into yamandla. Kungenxa yoko le nto ubuninzi bamandla obungcono kunye nokusebenza kakuhle kweenjini zemagnethi ezinqabileyo zomhlaba ezisisigxina apho kukho iindlela ezininzi ezahlukeneyo zoyilo lweemotor zokuqhuba zombane, kwaye ezona zidumileyo ziimotor zemagnethi ezinqabileyo zomhlaba. UTesla ufuna ukuyeka Ukuxhomekeka kumhlaba waseTshayina onqabileyo?
Wonke umntu uyazi ukuba iChina ibonelela ngobuninzi bezinto ezinqabileyo zomhlaba emhlabeni. IUnited States nayo ikubonile oku kwiminyaka yakutshanje. Abafuni ukunyanzelwa yi-China ekuboneleleni komhlaba onqabileyo. Ke ngoko, emva kokuba uBiden ethathe isikhundla, wazama ukwandisa ukuthatha kwakhe inxaxheba kubonelelo lomhlaba olunqabileyo. Yenye yezinto eziphambili kwisiphakamiso seziseko ezingundoqo ezixabisa i-2 yeebhiliyoni zeerandi. I-MP Materials, eyathenga umgodi owawuvaliwe ngaphambili eCalifornia ngo-2017, ilwela ukubuyisela i-US enqabileyo yomhlaba i-chain chain, ngokugxila kwi-neodymium kunye ne-praseodymium, kwaye inethemba lokuba ngumvelisi wexabiso eliphantsi. ULynas ufumene inkxaso-mali karhulumente yokwakha indawo yokulungisa umhlaba onqabileyo eTexas kwaye unenye ikhontrakthi yeziko lokwahlulahlula umhlaba onqabileyo eTexas. Nangona iUnited States yenze iinzame ezininzi, abantu abakwishishini bakholelwa ukuba kwixesha elifutshane, ngokukodwa ngokweendleko, iChina iya kugcina indawo evelele ekuboneleleni komhlaba onqabileyo, kwaye iUnited States ayikwazi ukuyishukumisa konke.
Mhlawumbi uTesla wakubona oku, kwaye bacinga ukusebenzisa iimagnethi ezisisigxina ezingasebenzisi umhlaba onqabileyo konke konke njengeenjini. Le yingcinga enesibindi, okanye isiqhulo, asikazi. Ukuba uTesla uyazishiya iimotor zemagnethi ezisisigxina kwaye utshintshele umva kwiimotor zokungenisa, oku akubonakali ngathi isimbo sabo sokwenza izinto. Kwaye uTesla ufuna ukusebenzisa iimotor zemagnethi ezisisigxina, kwaye ulahla ngokupheleleyo iimagnethi ezinqabileyo zomhlaba, ngoko kukho izinto ezimbini ezinokwenzeka: enye kukuba neziphumo ezintsha kwi-ceramic yasekuqaleni (iferrite) kunye nemagnethi esisigxina ye-AlNiCo, Okwesibini kukuba iimagnethi ezisisigxina zenziwe. ezinye izinto zealloy zomhlaba ezingezizo ezinqabileyo zinokugcina isiphumo esifanayo njengemagnethi esisigxina yomhlaba. Ukuba ayizizo ezi zimbini, ke uTesla unokudlala ngeekhonsepthi. UDa Vukovich, umongameli we-Alliance LLC, wakha wathi "ngenxa yeempawu zemagnethi ezinqabileyo zomhlaba, akukho nto yimbi yemagnethi inokuhambelana nokusebenza kwabo okuphezulu. Awunakukwazi ukutshintsha iimagnethi zomhlaba ezinqabileyo”.
Nokuba uTesla udlala ngeengqikelelo okanye ufuna ngokwenene ukulahla ukuxhomekeka kwawo kunikezelo lomhlaba olunqabileyo lwaseTshayina ngokweenjini zemagnethi ezisisigxina, umhleli ukholelwa ukuba izibonelelo zomhlaba ezinqabileyo zixabiseke kakhulu, kwaye kufuneka siziphuhlise ngokwengqiqo, kwaye sihlawule ngakumbi. ingqalelo kwizizukulwana ezizayo. Kwangaxeshanye, abaphandi kufuneka bandise iinzame zabo zophando. Masingatsho ukuba ukuqulunqwa kukaTesla kulungile okanye akunjalo, ubuncinci kusinike iingcebiso kunye nokukhuthaza.
