Umongameli wase-US uJoe Biden usanda kuzimasa uMboniso weemoto waMazwe ngaMazwe waseMelika eDetroit.Umnumzana Biden, ozibiza ngokuba “ngemoto”, ubhale kuTwitter wathi, “Namhlanje ndindwendwele iDetroit Auto Show kwaye ndabona izithuthi zombane ngamehlo am, kwaye ezi zithuthi zombane zindinika izizathu ezininzi zokuba nethemba ngekamva lethu. Kodwa ngehlazo, uBiden ndithathe ifoto yam kunye nemoto yamafutha - isithuthi yi-2023 Chevrolet Corvette (iparamitha | umbuzo) Z06.
Nangona oku kutsale ukugculelwa kubasebenzisi bomnatha kunye neqela laseRiphabhlikhi, kuya kufuneka kuthiwe okoko uBiden wathatha isikhundla, imigaqo-nkqubo yenkxaso yase-US enxulumene nezithuthi zamandla amatsha ibisoloko ivelisa izinto ezintsha.Umnumzana Biden wenze isibhambathiso kwiDetroit Auto Show ukuba uza kubonelela ngamashumi eebhiliyoni zeedola kwimali-mboleko, ukuvelisa kunye nekhefu lerhafu yabathengi kunye nezibonelelo zokukhawulezisa inguqu ukusuka kwiinjini ezivuthayo zangaphakathi ukuya ekucoceni izithuthi zombane.
Kwangaxeshanye, waphinda wagqamisa impumelelo ethile yamva nje yowiso-mthetho, enye yazo nguMthetho wokuNcitshiswa kwexabiso lokunyuka kwamaxabiso, echaza ukuba iUnited States ayisayi kubonelela ngenkxaso-mali yezithuthi zamandla amatsha kwiipakethi zebhetri kunye nezinto ezisetyenziswa kumazwe abuthathaka.
Ngapha koko, uBiden wakhomba umnwe kwiibhetri zombane kunyaka ophelileyo: “I-China yenza i-80% yeebhetri zamandla zehlabathi. Azenziwa eTshayina kuphela, kodwa zenziwa eJamani naseMexico, emva koko zithunyelwe kwihlabathi liphela. ” Ukubona ukuba i-China ikushishino lwebhetri Ngokunyuka kwetsheyini, i-Biden yaseka ngokuqinileyo iFLAG, “I-China ayinakuphumelela! Kuba asizukubayeka baphumelele.”
Phantsi kolawulo lweBiden, imakethi yemoto yombane yase-US kulindeleke ukuba ivulwe ngempumelelo njenge China neYurophu.Ngelo xesha, iUnited States, efuna ukuba "nobudlelwane obuncinci" kunye neChina, igxininisa ekulawuleni yonke ikhonkco yemoto yemoto yamandla.
■Ngaba ishishini leemoto zombane ngokwenene "linokuqhawula umtshato"?
I-Biden isandula ukutyikitya ukusebenza "uMthetho wokuNcitshiswa kwexabiso lokunyuka kwamaxabiso", onempembelelo enkulu kwiinkampani zaseTshayina ngokumisela izithintelo zebhetri zamandla kwinkxaso yemoto yamandla acocekileyo, ekwathathwa lishishini "njengokudityaniswa" kweshishini lezithuthi zombane laseMelika. .
Umthetho oyilwayo uphakamisa ukuqhubeka nokubonelela ngetyala lerhafu ye-7,500 yeedola kwiimoto ezintsha, ukususa i-cap ye-200,000 yemoto yenkxaso yemoto kwiinkampani zeemoto, kodwa yongeza imfuno ethi "Yenziwe eMelika".Oko kukuthi, izithuthi kufuneka zidityaniswe eUnited States, inxalenye enkulu yamacandelo ebhetri yamandla iveliswa kuMntla Melika, kwaye inxalenye enkulu yezinto eziphambili zamaminerali ziveliswa e-United States okanye ngamaqabane orhwebo asimahla ase-US, kunye nebhetri yamandla. amacandelo kunye nezixhobo eziphambili zezimbiwa ekrwada akufuneki ziphume kumaziko angaphandle anovakalelo.
UCarla Bailo, umongameli weCenter for Automotive Research (CAR), wathi ngeenjongo zalo mthetho oyilwayo: “Ukusa kumkhamo wokuba siswele izinto ngoku, andiqondi ukuba ikho imveliso namhlanje efikelela loo mgangatho.”
Oku akuyonyani.Ngenxa yokusikelwa umda kwezibonelelo zayo kunye nokukhuselwa kwendalo, uphuhliso kunye nokulungiswa kwemathiriyeli ekrwada yebhetri e-United States kuye kwacotha noko.
Phakathi kwezinto ezisetyenziswayo kwiibhetri zamandla, ezona zibalulekileyo zi-nickel, i-cobalt, kunye ne-lithium.Imithombo ye-lithium yehlabathi isasazwa kakhulu kwi "triangle ye-lithium" yaseMzantsi Melika, eyiArgentina, eChile naseBolivia; izibonelelo ze-nickel zigxininiswe kakhulu e-Indonesia nakwiiPhilippines; i-cobalt imithombo isasazwa kumazwe afana neCongo (DRC) e-Afrika.Ikhonkco leshishini lokusetyenzwa kwebhetri ligxile eTshayina, eJapan naseSouth Korea.
“Lo mthetho uyilwayo uza kukhuthaza iinkampani zezithuthi zamandla amatsha ukuba zijonge amathuba angakumbi okufumana imathiriyeli e-United States okanye kumazwe anezivumelwano zorhwebo zasimahla ne-United States, nto leyo echaphazela isixokelelwano sobonelelo ngebhetri yehlabathi. Ugqithiso lwekhonkco lonikezelo lunokonyusa ixabiso lemathiriyeli yebhetri. " IiReyithingi zeFitch kuMntla Melika uStephen Brown, umlawuli omkhulu wereyithingi yeshishini, uphawule.
UJohn Bozzella, umongameli we-American Automobile Innovation Alliance, uthe ngokungafihlisiyo malunga ne-70% yezithuthi zombane ezingama-72 kunye nee-plug-in hybrids okwangoku kwimarike yase-US azisayi kufaneleka.Emva kwe-1 kaJanuwari 2023, umlinganiselo omncinci we-40% yemathiriyeli ekrwada kunye ne-50% yamacandelo ebhetri iya kuphunyezwa, kwaye akukho modeli iya kufaneleka ukufumana inkxaso-mali epheleleyo.Oku kuya kuchaphazela injongo yase-US yokufikelela kwi-40% -50% yokuthengiswa kwezithuthi zombane ngo-2030.
U-Li Qian, unobhala webhodi yabalawuli be-BYD, naye wasabela "ekuqhawulweni" kweemoto zombane eUnited States.Wathi kwisangqa se-WeChat yabahlobo: Andiyiboni, imboniselo yemoto yombane ingachithwa njani?Kwishishini lezithuthi zombane, i-United States isebuntwaneni kwaye ixhomekeke ekunyuseni inkxaso-mali yokuxhasa, ngelixa i-China iye yatshintsha ngokupheleleyo ukusuka kumgaqo-nkqubo ukuya kwintengiso.
Enyanisweni, sele kukho amazwe athathe inyathelo phambi kwethu kwaye aphikisana ne-United States.Ngokweengxelo zeendaba zaseMzantsi Korea, emva kokuba i-United States isanda kukhulula "uMthetho wokuNcitshiswa kwexabiso lokunyuka kwamaxabiso", urhulumente waseMzantsi Korea akazange avume inkampani yaseMzantsi Korea ye-L & F, evelisa izinto zebhetri yemoto yombane, ukwakha i-factory e-United States.
Isizathu esinikwe nguMphathiswa wezoShishino waseKorea kukuba izixhobo, iinkqubo kunye nobugcisa bemveliso ezinxulumene neebhetri ezinokutshajwa kwakhona zezona teknoloji zibalaseleyo ezimisela isiseko sokhuphiswano lweshishini lebhetri.Ukuba obu buchwepheshe buhamba phesheya kolwandle, kuya kuba nefuthe elibi kwishishini laseMzantsi Korea kunye nokhuseleko lwelizwe.
Ukusuka kumbono osebenzayo, nokuba iibhetri zaseTshayina zingasetyenziswanga, iUnited States isaya kufuneka ithembele kubaboneleli bebhetri baseKorea kwixesha elifutshane. Phakathi kwabo, i-Ford kunye ne-SKI zibopheleleke ngokunzulu kwaye ziceba ukwakha iifektri ezintathu eziphezulu kunye ne-130GWh iyonke; UGM uza kwakha intsebenziswano kunye neLG Energy New. ; IStelantis, i-LG Amandla amatsha kunye ne-Samsung SDI zineebhetri zamandla ezicwangcisiweyo.
"Iqonga lemoto yombane jikelele lamkela ibhetri yamandla entsha ye-LG"
Nangona imigaqo-nkqubo enxulumene nezithuthi zamandla amatsha "kuMthetho wokuNcitshiswa kwexabiso lokunyuka kwamaxabiso" inamandla angaphantsi kunokulindela imarike, umgaqo-nkqubo awubeki umda ophezulu kwisikali senkxaso-mali kwaye ugubungela ngokucacileyo iminyaka elishumi ezayo, ngokukodwa ixesha elide.
Nangona kunjalo, i-Auto Innovation Alliance, umfelandawonye omkhulu wenkampani yeemoto yase-US, ikholelwa ukuba ngokomthetho oyilwayo, ukuba iinkampani zeemoto zaseMelika zifuna ukufumana inkxaso-mali, kuyakuthatha ubuncinci iminyaka emine ukuhlengahlengisa ikhonkco lokubonelela. Ukuba bafuna ukuhlangabezana ngokupheleleyo nemiqobo emibini yemathiriyeli ekrwada kunye nemveliso yecandelo, Ukuze uxhaswe ngokupheleleyo, kuya kufuneka ulinde kude kube ngu-2027 okanye ngo-2028.
Kuyafaneleka ukukhankanya ukuba okwangoku, i-Tesla kunye ne-GM abasayinandipha inkxaso ye-7,500 yuan ngebhayisikile nonke, kodwa banokuzuza kwakhona ukuba bahlangabezana neemfuno zenkxaso-mali kamva.UTesla ubhengeze ukuba uyamisa izicwangciso zokwenza iibhetri eJamani ukuze afanelekele intlawulo yerhafu yokwenziwa kwebhetri yase-US.Okwangoku, baxoxa ngokuthumela izixhobo zokuvelisa eUnited States.
■Ngaba iinkampani zaseTshayina zifumana ilahleko enkulu?
UTesla, owayekhe waba yinkokeli, akasenguye umenzi wemoto yombane omkhulu kwihlabathi.Kwisiqingatha sokuqala salo nyaka, i-BYD ithengise iimoto zombane ze-640,000, ngelixa uTesla, owayekade engowokuqala, wathengisa kuphela i-564,000, ebeka indawo yesibini.
Ngapha koko, uMusk uye wahlekisa nge-BYD amaxesha amaninzi, kwaye wade watshiza ngokuthe ngqo kudliwanondlebe, "I-BYD yinkampani engenabuchwephesha, kwaye ixabiso lemoto liphezulu kakhulu kwimveliso." Kodwa oku akuzange kumthintele uTesla kunye ne-BYD ekubeni babe ngabahlobo. .Iibhetri zeBlade ezibonelelwe yi-BYD zisiwe kwi-Tesla's Gigafactory eBerlin, eJamani, ngokutsho kwabantu abaninzi abawaziyo lo mbandela.
Ingabonwa ukuba akukho sikhundla esipheleleyo, kuphela umdla ongunaphakade, kwaye amandla amatsha aseTshayina nase-United States sele edityanisiwe.
Emva kweminyaka yophuhliso olukhawulezayo, imakethi entsha yemoto yaseTshayina yenze elona qela lipheleleyo leemveliso kwihlabathi.Ukomeleza ilungelo lokuthetha kwikhonkco lemizi-mveliso, abavelisi bebhetri abamelwe yiCATL baya kuzama konke okusemandleni abo ukwandisa iintente zabo kwikhonkco lemizi-mveliso elinyukayo. Iinkampani ezininzi zaseTshayina zikwathatha inxaxheba kuphuhliso lwemigodi yaphesheya ngokuthatha inxaxheba kwizabelo zamashishini ezingenanzala emisiweyo, ukubhala phantsi, kunye nokuba ngabanini. I-Ganfeng Lithium kunye ne-Tianqi Lithium lishishini eliphuhlisa ngakumbi imigodi ye-lithium yaphesheya.
Kunokuthiwa kwibhetri yamandla ehlabathi jikelele i-TOP10, iinkampani ze-6 zaseTshayina, iinkampani ze-3 zaseKorea, kunye ne-1 inkampani yaseJapan ibe yinto eqhelekileyo.Ngokutsho kwedatha yoPhando lwe-SNE yakutshanje, iinkampani ezintandathu zaseTshayina zinezabelo zemarike ezipheleleyo ze-56%, apho i-CATL inyuse isabelo sayo semarike ukusuka kwi-28% ukuya kwi-34%.
Xa kuthelekiswa namanye amazwe, ikhonkco leshishini lezithuthi zombane laseTshayina ligqibezele impumelelo ebanzi ukusuka phezulu ukuya ezantsi ukuya phezulu kwimithombo yezimbiwa ebeka umhlaba, iibhetri zamandla aphakathi zifumana ukuma okuqinileyo, kwaye iibrendi zemoto ezisezantsi zidubula kuyo yonke indawo.
Kwaye iBiden izimisele ukuba "ayinakuphinda ikhuphe" "ibhetri" yehlabathi.I-CATL ithathe isigqibo sokulibazisa ukubhengeza umzi-mveliso waseMntla waseMelika ngenxa yoxinzelelo malunga nesithethi seNdlu yase-US, ngokutsho kwabantu abaqheleneyo nalo mbandela.Kuthiwa ekuqaleni lo mzi-mveliso wawucebe ukutyala iibhiliyoni zeerandi ukuze ubonelele ngeemoto zakwaTesla nezakwaFord.
Ngaphambili, uZeng Yuqun, usihlalo weCATL, naye wakwenza kwacaca: “Kufuneka siye kwimarike yaseMelika!” Kodwa ngoku i-CATL ityale i-7.34 yeebhiliyoni zee-euro kwimarike yaseHungary.
Mhlawumbi, iinkampani ezininzi ziya kumisa izicwangciso zabo zokungena kwimarike yase-US okanye ukwakha iifektri e-US.Ekuqaleni, kwakunzima kakhulu kwiinkampani zemoto zaseTshayina ukuthumela ngaphandle eUnited States. Ukongeza kuphazamiseko lwezopolitiko, iUnited States ikwanenkqubo engqongqo yolawulo, kwaye iinkampani zemoto zaseTshayina zihlala zithintelwe.Ukususela ngo-2005, iibrendi ezintandathu zaseTshayina zizamile kwaye zasilela.
Umhlalutyi wemizi-mveliso yeemoto ukholelwa ekubeni ukubhengezwa “koMthetho wokuNcitshiswa kwexabiso lentengo” eUnited States ngokusisiseko kuya kubangela ilahleko encinane kwiinkampani zeemoto zaseTshayina, kuba iinkampani zeemoto zaseTshayina azikatyali mali kwimizi-mveliso emikhulu eUnited States, nakwimarike yazo. isabelo eUnited States phantse zero. .Ekubeni akukho shishini konke konke, isiphumo esibi kakhulu kukuba asiyi kukwazi ukungena kwimarike yase-US.
"Okwangoku, eyona lahleko inkulu inokuba kukuthunyelwa kweebhetri zamandla kumazwe angaphandle, kodwa iinkampani zebhetri zamandla zaseTshayina zinokuthembela kwimakethi yaseYurophu ukuba ziyenzele loo nto, kwaye ukonyuka koqoqosho lwesikali kunokuzisa inzuzo kwiinkampani zebhetri zaseTshayina." Lo mntu ukhankanywe ngasentla uthe.
■Ngaba iUnited States inokuyibuyisa “iminyaka emine elahlekileyo”?
Ukusukela oko uTrump wathatha isikhundla, izithuthi zamandla amatsha aseMelika ziye zafumana “iminyaka emine elahlekileyo”, phantse zimile kwinqanaba lomgaqo-nkqubo wesizwe, kwaye zishiywe kude kakhulu yiChina neYurophu.
Unyaka wonke we-2020, ukuthengiswa kwezithuthi zombane e-United States zingaphantsi kwe-350,000, ngelixa amanani e-China naseYurophu ayi-1.24 yezigidi kunye ne-1.36 yezigidi, ngokulandelanayo.
Akukho lula kwi-Biden ukunyusa imfuno yabathengi ngokunyusa izibonelelo, kuba izithintelo ezibekwe yi-United States zinzima kakhulu, zenza kube nzima kwiinkampani zeemoto kunye nabathengi ukuba bafumane imali yokwenyani.
Ngaphambili, iibhili ezimbini zokuvuselela ezicetywayo nguBiden nazo ziye zafumana ukusilela.Xa uBiden eqala ukulawula, wakhupha "iibhombu zokumkani" ezimbini emva kwenye: enye yayiza kunika imboni yemoto yombane umgaqo-nkqubo wokuvuselela i-174 yeebhiliyoni zeedola ukuxhasa ukusetyenziswa kunye nokwakha iimfumba zokutshaja, njl.; enye yayikukubuyisela ulawulo lukaTrump. Inkxaso-mali entsha yokuthenga isithuthi samandla iye yarhoxiswa ngeli xesha, kwaye umyinge ongaphezulu wesixa-mali senkxaso yebhayisikile yahlengahlengiswa ukuya kwi-12,500 yeedola zaseMelika.
Ngokwahlukileyo kwamanye amazwe, ukhetho lweoyile okanye amandla amatsha eUnited States asingombandela wendlela kwishishini, kodwa ngumbandela wemozulu onxulumene nezopolitiko.
Umzekelo, kukho ukuchasana kwinto yokuba ishishini le-oyile lase-US linemigaqo-nkqubo emininzi yenkxaso-mali engacacanga, eyona nto iqhelekileyo yirhafu ephantsi kwipetroli.Iziko lophando lwasekhaya liye laphanda umlinganiselo werhafu yepetroli kwixabiso lokugqibela lokuthengisa, kwaye lafumanisa ukuba i-United States yi-11%, ngelixa i-China i-30%, i-Japan yi-39%, kwaye i-Jamani iphezulu njenge-57%.
Ngoko ke, i-174 yebhiliyoni yenkxaso-mali iyancipha kakhulu phantsi kokuphazamiseka okuphindaphindiweyo kweRiphabhlikhi, kwaye i-12,500 yenkxaso-mali nayo ibeke umda: i-$ 4,500 kuphela yeenkampani zeemoto "ezidibeneyo" - i-GM, i-Ford kunye ne-Stellantis, i-Tesla kunye nezinye iinkampani zeemoto. wema emnyango.
Ngapha koko, ukongeza kwi-Tesla, ebihlala malunga ne-60% -80% yemarike yemoto yombane yase-US, iinkampani ezintathu ezinkulu zemoto zasekhaya zase-US zinomthwalo onzima, inguquko, kunye nokungabikho kweemveliso eziqhumayo ezinokubethwa. . Ukusebenza bekusoloko kungaphezulu kwe-hip.
Ngokwezibalo ze-ICCT, kuya kuba neemodeli zamandla ezintsha ze-59 ezithengiswa kwimarike yase-US kwi-2020, ngelixa i-China kunye neYurophu zibonelela ngeemodeli ze-300 kunye ne-180 ngexesha elifanayo.
Ngokuphathelele idatha yokuthengisa, nangona ukuthengiswa kwezithuthi zombane e-United States ngaphezu kokuphindwe kabini ukuya kwi-630,000 kwi-2021, ukuthengiswa kwe-China phantse kuphindwe kathathu ukuya kwi-3.3 yezigidi, kubalwa malunga nesiqingatha sehlabathi jikelele; Ukuthengiswa kwenyuka nge-65% ukuya kwi-2.3 yezigidi zezithuthi.
Kwisiqingatha sokuqala salo nyaka, kumxholo wekhwelo likaBiden lokunyuka kwamaxabiso eoyile, ukuthengiswa kweemoto zamandla amatsha e-United States kunyuke nge-52%. %.
Ngokutsho kwabahlalutyi bamashishini, ngokungena ngokukhawuleza kweenkampani zemoto ezimiselweyo ezifana neGM, Ford, Toyota, kunye neVolkswagen, kunye nemikhosi emitsha yombane efana neRivian, kulindeleke ukuba ngo-2022, inani leemodeli zemoto zombane eUnited States. Amazwe aya kudlula i-100, kwaye kulindeleke ukuba angenele ukhuphiswano phakathi kwekhulu lezikolo zokucinga.I-F150-Lighting, i-R1T, i-Cybertruck, njl.njl. iya kugcwalisa isithuba kwimarike ye-pickup yombane ecocekileyo, kunye neLyric, i-Mustang Mach-E, i-Wrangler kunye nezinye iimodeli kulindeleke ukuba ziqhubele phambili ukukhawulezisa ukungena kwimarike ye-SUV yase-US.
Okwangoku, i-US ngokucacileyo enye indawo ngasemva xa kuziwa kwizithuthi zombane.Okwangoku, izinga lokungena kuyo yonke imarike yemoto yamandla entsha e-United States isekwinqanaba eliphantsi le-6.59%, ngelixa izinga lokungena kwezithuthi zamandla amatsha e-China lifikelele kwi-22%.
Njengoko uLi Qian watshoyo, “Ishishini leemoto zombane laseTshayina liphuhla kumzabalazo oqhubekayo iminyaka emininzi. Umbuso wangoku kukuba iUnited States ithembele kwinkxaso, kwaye iChina ixhomekeke ekuziphendukeleni kunye nokuphindaphinda. Kuyacaca ngokukrwaqula ukuba ngubani lo mkhuba. Iinkampani ezinokusinda kukhuphiswano mhlawumbi aziyi kuba nabo bakhuphisana nabo kwimarike yamazwe ngamazwe.”
Nangona kunjalo, indlela yokugcina inzuzo yokuqala yokuhambisa izithuthi zombane kugxininiso lokuqwalaselwa kwethu kwixesha elizayo.Emva kwayo yonke loo nto, umkhondo wezithuthi zamandla amatsha usemde kakhulu, kwaye kwintsimi yobukrelekrele, iitshiphusi zethu zisabambekile.
Ixesha lokuposa: Sep-22-2022