Oku kubandakanya iindleko zokuqala zesithuthi, iindleko zepetroli, iindleko zombane kunye neendleko zokutshintsha iibhetri ze-EV.Iibhetri zilinganiselwa kwi-100,000 yeemayile kunye neminyaka eyi-8 yoluhlu, kwaye iimoto zihlala ziphindwe kabini.Umnikazi uya kuthi ke ngoko athenge ibhetri elitshintshiweyo kubomi besithuthi, nto leyo enokubiza kakhulu.
Iindleko ngemayile kwiiklasi ezahlukeneyo zezithuthi ngokwe-NREL
Abafundi basenokuba babone iingxelo zokuba ii-EV zibiza ngaphantsi kweemoto zepetroli; nangona kunjalo, ezi ngokuqhelekileyo zisekelwe "kwizifundo" ezithi "zilibele" ukubandakanya iindleko zokutshintshwa kwebhetri.Iingcali zezoqoqosho kwi-EIA kunye ne-NREL ziyakhuthazwa ukuba ziphephe ukuthambekela komntu ngamnye njengoko kunciphisa ukuchaneka.Umsebenzi wabo kukuxela okuya kwenzeka, kungekhona oko bafuna ukuba kwenzeke.
Iibhetri ezinokutshintshelwa kuzo zinciphisa iindleko zezithuthi zombane ngoku:
· Iimoto ezininzi ziqhuba ngaphantsi kweemayile ezingama-45 ngosuku.Emva koko, ngeentsuku ezininzi, banokusebenzisa ixabiso eliphantsi, ibhetri ephantsi (ukuthi, iimayile ezili-100) kwaye bayihlawulise ngobusuku.Kwiihambo ezinde, banokusebenzisa iibhetri ezixabisa kakhulu, ezihlala ixesha elide, okanye bazibuyisele rhoqo.
· Abanini be-EV bangoku banokuzitshintsha iibhetri emva kokuhla komthamo wama-20% ukuya kuma-35%.Nangona kunjalo, iibhetri ezinokutshintshwa zihlala ixesha elide kuba zifumaneka njengeebhetri ezinomthamo ophantsi xa zikhula.Abaqhubi abayi kuwubona umahluko phakathi kwebhetri entsha eyi-150 kWh kunye nebhetri endala engama-300 kWh ethotywe ngama-50%.Zombini ziya kubonakala njenge-150 kWh kwisistim.Xa iibhetri zihlala kabini ixesha elide, iibhetri zibiza kabini kancinci.
Izikhululo zokutshaja ngokukhawuleza ezisengozini yokulahlekelwa yimali
Xa ubona isikhululo sokutshaja ngokukhawuleza, yiyiphi ipesenti yexesha esisetyenziswayo? Kwiimeko ezininzi, hayi kakhulu.Oku kungenxa yokuphazamiseka kunye neendleko eziphezulu zokuhlawula, ukukhululeka kokuhlawula ekhaya, kunye nenani elaneleyo lezithuthi zombane.Kwaye ukusetyenziswa okuphantsi kuhlala kubangela iindleko zeqonga ezidlula ingeniso yeqonga.Xa oku kusenzeka, izikhululo zinokusebenzisa imali karhulumente okanye imali yotyalo-mali ukuhlawula ilahleko; nangona kunjalo, la "mayeza" awalondolozeki.Izikhululo zombane zineendleko eziphezulu ngenxa yeendleko eziphezulu zezixhobo zokutshaja ngokukhawuleza kunye neendleko eziphezulu zenkonzo yombane.Umzekelo, i-150 kW yamandla egridi iyafuneka ukutshaja ibhetri eyi-50 kWh kwimizuzu engama-20 (150 kW × [20 ÷ 60]).Lo ngumlinganiselo ofanayo wombane osetyenziswe ngamakhaya angama-120, kunye nezixhobo zegridi ukuxhasa oku kubiza (umyinge wekhaya lase-US lisebenzisa i-1.2 kW).
Ngenxa yesi sizathu, izikhululo ezininzi zokutshaja ngokukhawuleza azikwazi ukufikelela kwinani elikhulu leegridi, oku kuthetha ukuba azikwazi ukubiza ngokukhawuleza iimoto ezininzi ngexesha elinye.Oku kukhokelela kuthotho lweziganeko ezilandelayo: ukutshajiswa kancinci, ukwaneliseka okusezantsi kwabathengi, ukusetyenziswa kwesikhululo esisezantsi, iindleko eziphezulu zomthengi ngamnye, inzuzo ephantsi yesitishi, kwaye ekugqibeleni babe mbalwa abanokuba ngabanini bezitishi.
Isixeko esinee-EV ezininzi kwaye ubukhulu becala indawo yokupaka esitalatweni inokwenza ukutshaja okukhawulezayo kube kunoqoqosho ngakumbi.Kungenjalo, izikhululo zokutshaja ngokukhawuleza kwiindawo ezisemaphandleni okanye ezisezidolophini zihlala zisemngciphekweni wokuphulukana nemali.
Iibhetri ezitshintshayo zinciphisa umngcipheko kuqoqosho lwezikhululo zokutshaja ngokukhawuleza ngenxa yezi zizathu zilandelayo:
· Iibhetri kumagumbi okutshintshiselana angaphantsi komhlaba zinokubizwa ngokucothayo, ukunciphisa amandla enkonzo afunekayo kwaye kucuthwe iindleko zokubiza izixhobo.
Iibhetri kwigumbi lokutshintshiselana zinokutsala amandla ebusuku okanye xa imithombo ehlaziyiweyo igcwele kwaye iindleko zombane ziphantsi.
Izinto zomhlaba ezinqabileyo zisemngciphekweni wokunqaba kwaye zibize kakhulu
Ngo-2021, malunga ne-7 yezigidi zeenqwelo zombane ziya kuveliswa kwihlabathi jikelele.Ukuba imveliso inyuswe ngamaxesha angama-12 kwaye iqhutywe iminyaka eyi-18, izithuthi zombane zinokuthatha indawo ye-1.5 yezigidigidi zeegesi zegesi emhlabeni jikelele kunye nokuthuthwa kwe-decarbonize (i-7 yezigidi × iminyaka eyi-18 × 12).Nangona kunjalo, ii-EVs ngokuqhelekileyo zisebenzisa i-lithium enqabileyo, i-cobalt kunye ne-nickel, kwaye akucaci ukuba kuya kwenzeka ntoni kumaxabiso ezi zinto ukuba ukusetyenziswa kwanda ngokukhawuleza.
Amaxabiso ebhetri e-EV aqhele ukuwa unyaka nonyaka.Nangona kunjalo, oku akuzange kwenzeke ngo-2022 ngenxa yokunqongophala kwezinto.Ngelishwa, imathiriyeli yomhlaba enqabileyo inokwenzeka ukuba inqabile, ikhokelela kumaxabiso aphezulu ebhetri.
Iibhetri ezibuyiselwayo zinciphisa ukuthembela kwizinto ezinqabileyo zomhlaba kuba zinokusebenza ngokulula kunye nobuchwepheshe obuphantsi obusebenzisa izinto ezinqabileyo zomhlaba (umzekelo, iibhetri ze-LFP azisebenzisi i-cobalt).
Ukulinda ukuhlawulisa ngamanye amaxesha akulula
Iibhetri ezibuyiselwayo zinciphisa ixesha lokugalela amafutha ngenxa yokuba ukutshintshwa kwazo kuyakhawuleza.
Abaqhubi ngamanye amaxesha baziva benexhala malunga noluhlu kunye nokutshaja
Ukutshintsha kuya kuba lula ukuba unamagumbi amaninzi okutshintsha kunye neebhetri ezininzi ezisecaleni kwinkqubo.
I-CO2 ikhutshwa xa kutshiswa igesi yendalo ukuvelisa umbane
Iigridi zihlala zinikwa amandla yimithombo emininzi.Ngokomzekelo, nanini na, isixeko sinokufumana ama-20 ekhulwini ombane waso kumandla enyukliya, isi-3 ekhulwini kumandla elanga, isi-7 ekhulwini kumoya, nama-70 ekhulwini kumaziko egesi yendalo.Iifama zelanga zivelisa umbane xa ilanga ligqats' ubhobhoyi, iifama zomoya zivelisa umbane xa kunomoya, kwaye eminye imithombo idla ngokungaphazanyiswa.
Xa umntu ebiza i-EV, ubuncinane umthombo wamandla omnyekwigridi kwandisa imveliso.Ngokuqhelekileyo, umntu omnye kuphela obandakanyekayo ngenxa yeengcamango ezahlukeneyo, njengeendleko.Kwakhona, imveliso yefama yelanga ayinakwenzeka ukuba itshintshe ekubeni ibekwe ilanga kwaye amandla ayo ahlala esetyenzisiwe.Kungenjalo, ukuba ifama yelanga “ihluthi” (oko kukuthi, ukulahla amandla ohlaza kuba ininzi kakhulu), ngoko inokunyusa imveliso yayo endaweni yokuwalahla.Abantu banokubiza ii-EVs ngaphandle kokukhupha i-CO2 kumthombo.
Iibhetri ezinokubuyiselwa zinciphisa ukukhutshwa kwe-CO2 kwimveliso yombane kuba iibhetri zinokuphinda zitshajwe xa imithombo yamandla ehlaziyekayo igcwele.
I-CO2 ikhutshwa xa kusembiwa imathiriyeli yomhlaba enqabileyo kunye nokwenza iibhetri
Iibhetri ezinokubuyiselwa zinciphisa ukukhutshwa kweCO2 kwimveliso yebhetri kuba iibhetri ezincinci ezisebenzisa izinto ezinqabileyo zomhlaba zingasetyenziswa.
Ezothutho yiNgxaki ye-30 yezigidigidi zeedola
Kukho malunga ne-1.5 yeebhiliyoni zeemoto zegesi emhlabeni, kwaye ukuba zitshintshwe ngezithuthi zombane, nganye iya kuxabisa i-$ 20,000, ngexabiso elipheleleyo le-30 yezigidigidi zeedola (i-1.5 yezigidigidi × i-20,000 yeedola).Iindleko ze-R&D zinokuthetheleleka ukuba, ngokomzekelo, zincitshiswe nge-10% kumakhulu eebhiliyoni zeedola ze-R&D eyongezelelweyo.Kufuneka sibone ezothutho njengengxaki ye-$ 30 yetriliyoni kwaye senze ngokufanelekileyo-ngamanye amazwi, i-R&D engaphezulu.Nangona kunjalo, i-R&D ingalinciphisa njani ixabiso leebhetri ezinokutshintshwa? Sinokuqala ngokujonga oomatshini abazifakela ngokuzenzekelayo iziseko zoncedo eziphantsi komhlaba.
ukuququmbela
Ukuhambisa iibhetri ezinokutshintshwa ngaphambili, oorhulumente okanye iziseko zinokuxhasa ngemali uphuhliso lwezi sistim zisemgangathweni zilandelayo:
· Inkqubo yebhetri yombane etshintshanayo ye-Electromechanical
· Inkqubo yonxibelelwano phakathi kwebhetri ye-EV kunye nokutshajaisixhobo
· Inkqubo yonxibelelwano phakathi kwemoto kunye nesikhululo sokutshintsha ibhetri
· Inkqubo yonxibelelwano phakathi kwegridi yamandla kunye nephaneli yokubonisa isithuthi
· Ujongano lomsebenzisi we-smartphone kunye nojongano lwenkqubo yokuhlawula
· Ukutshintsha, ukugcinwa kunye neendlela zokutshaja ezinobukhulu obahlukeneyo
Ukuphuhlisa inkqubo epheleleyo ukuya kwinqanaba leprototype kunokubiza amashumi ezigidi zeedola; nangona kunjalo, ukuthunyelwa kwihlabathi jikelele kunokubiza iibhiliyoni zeedola.
Ixesha lokuposa: Dec-16-2022