Ixesha lilungile kwaye indawo ilungile, kwaye zonke iinkampani zezithuthi zombane zaseTshayina zihlala. Kubonakala ngathi i-China iye yaba liziko loshishino lwezithuthi zombane kwihlabathi.
Ngapha koko, eJamani, ukuba iyunithi yakho ayiboneleli ngeemfumba zokutshaja, kunokufuneka uzithengele ngokwakho. emnyango. Nangona kunjalo, sihlala sixoxa ukuba kutheni iinkampani ezininzi zeemoto zaseJamani zingakwazi ukwenza iTesla, kwaye akunzima ukufumana izizathu ngoku.
Kwi-2014, uNjingalwazi uLienkamp weYunivesithi yezoBugcisa eMunich wapapasha incwadi entsha ethi "Isimo sokuhamba kombane 2014", ekhululekile kwaye ivulekele kuluntu, kwaye yathi: "Nangona izithuthi zombane zineziphene ezahlukahlukeneyo, andizange ndibone imoto eneziphene. sele ingumnini wokushukumiseka kombane. Umqhubi wemoto, waphinda wangena ekwamkelweni kwemoto yesintu. Kwaneyona moto ixhaphakileyo yombane ikuzisela uyolo lokuqhuba, nto leyo engenakuthelekiswa nemoto yepetroli.” Imoto enjalo ngokwenene inokwenza umnini-moto angavuseleli Ukuphosa umva kwiingalo zeemoto zesintu?
Njengoko sonke siyazi, intliziyo yemoto yombane yibhetri.
Kwisithuthi esiqhelekileyo sombane, phantsi kovavanyo oluqhelekileyo lwaseYurophu, ukusetyenziswa kwamandla ngeekhilomitha ezili-100 malunga ne-17kWh, oko kukuthi, i-17 kWh. UDkt Thomas Pesce wafunda ukusetyenziswa kwamandla eemoto ezixineneyo phantsi kolungelelwaniso olufanelekileyo. Ngaphandle kokuqwalasela iindleko, ukusetyenziswa kwamandla afanelekileyo nge-100 yeekhilomitha ezifunyenwe ngokusebenzisa ubuchwepheshe obukhoyo obukhoyo bungaphezulu kancinane kune-15kWh. Oku kuthetha ukuba kwixesha elifutshane, ukuzama ukunciphisa ukusetyenziswa kwamandla ngokulungisa ukusebenza kakuhle kwemoto ngokwayo, nangaphandle kokuqwalasela iindleko ezongezelelweyo, umphumo wokulondoloza amandla uncinci.
Thatha ipakethi yebhetri kaTesla eyi-85kWh njengomzekelo. Umgama oqhelekileyo wokuqhuba yi-500km. Ukuba ukusetyenziswa kwamandla kuncitshisiwe ukuya kwi-15kWh/100km ngeenzame ezahlukeneyo, umgama wokuqhuba unokunyuswa ukuya kuma-560km. Ngoko ke, kunokuthiwa ubomi bebhetri yemoto bulingana nomthamo wepakethi yebhetri, kwaye i-coefficient yokulinganisa iqiniswe. Ngokwale mbono, ukusetyenziswa kweebhetri ezinoxinano lwamandla aphezulu (zombini amandla Wh/kg ngeyunithi ubunzima kunye namandla Wh/L umthamo weyunithi kufuneka kuthathelwe ingqalelo) kubaluleke kakhulu ukuphucula ukusebenza kwezithuthi zombane, kuba ku izithuthi zombane, ibhetri ithatha inxalenye enkulu yobunzima obupheleleyo.
Zonke iintlobo zeebhetri ze-lithium-ion zezona zilindelekileyo kunye neebhetri ezisetyenziswa kakhulu. Iibhetri ze-lithium ezisetyenziswa kwiimoto ikakhulu ziquka i-nickel cobalt lithium manganate ternary battery (NCM), i-nickel cobalt lithium aluminate battery (NCA) kunye ne-lithium iron phosphate battery (LPF).
1. I-Nickel-cobalt lithium manganate ternary ibhetri yeNCMisetyenziswe zizithuthi zombane ezininzi kumazwe aphesheya ngenxa yezinga eliphantsi lokuvelisa ukushisa, ukuzinza okulungileyo, ubomi obude, kunye nokuxinana kwamandla kwe-150-220Wh / kg.
2. I-NCA nickel-cobalt aluminate ibhetri ye-lithium
UTesla usebenzisa le bhetri. Ubuninzi bamandla buphezulu, kwi-200-260Wh / kg, kwaye kulindeleke ukuba ifike kwi-300Wh / kg kungekudala. Ingxaki enkulu kukuba i-Panasonic kuphela inokuvelisa le bhetri okwangoku, ixabiso liphezulu, kwaye ukhuseleko lubi kakhulu phakathi kweebhetri ezintathu ze-lithium, ezifuna ukutshatyalaliswa kokushisa okuphezulu kunye nenkqubo yokulawula ibhetri.
3. LPF lithium iron phosphate ibhetri Okokugqibela, makhe sijonge ibhetri ye-LPF esetyenziswa kakhulu kwiimoto zombane zasekhaya. Ukungalungi okukhulu kolu hlobo lwebhetri kukuba ubuninzi bamandla buphantsi kakhulu, obunokufikelela kuphela kwi-100-120Wh / kg. Ukongeza, i-LPF inezinga eliphezulu lokuzikhupha. Akukho nanye koku ifunwa ngabenzi be-EV. Ukwamkelwa okuxhaphakileyo kwe-LPF e-China kufana nokuchasana okwenziwa ngabavelisi basekhaya kulawulo lwebhetri ebiza kakhulu kunye neenkqubo zokupholisa - iibhetri ze-LPF zinozinzo oluphezulu kakhulu kunye nokhuseleko, kwaye zinokuqinisekisa ukusebenza okuzinzileyo nangona iinkqubo zokulawula ibhetri ezimbi kunye nobomi obude bebhetri. Olunye uncedo oluziswe lolu phawu kukuba ezinye iibhetri ze-LPF zinoxinzelelo oluphezulu kakhulu lokukhupha amandla, ezinokuphucula ukusebenza kwemoto. Ukongeza, ixabiso leebhetri ze-LPF liphantsi, ngoko lifanelekile kwisicwangciso esikhoyo esisezantsi kunye nexabiso eliphantsi lezithuthi zombane zasekhaya. Kodwa nokuba iya kuphuhliswa ngamandla njengetekhnoloji yebhetri yexesha elizayo, kusekho uphawu lombuzo.
Ingaba ingakanani ibhetri yemoto yombane ephakathi? Ngaba ibhetri ipakethe kunye namawaka eebhetri zeTesla kuchungechunge kunye nokuhambelana, okanye ibhetri yebhetri eyakhiwe ngeebhetri ezinkulu ezimbalwa ezivela kwi-BYD? Lo ngumbuzo ongaphantsi kophando, kwaye okwangoku akukho mpendulo iqinisekileyo. Kuphela iimpawu zebhetri ehlanganiswe neeseli ezinkulu kunye neeseli ezincinci ziyaziswa apha.
Xa ibhetri incinci, indawo yokuchitha ubushushu iyonke yebhetri iya kuba nkulu kakhulu, kwaye ubushushu bayo yonke ipakethe yebhetri bunokulawulwa ngokufanelekileyo ngoyilo olufanelekileyo lokuphelisa ubushushu ukukhusela ubushushu obuphezulu ekukhawuleziseni nasekuthinteleni ibhetri. ubomi bebhetri. Ngokubanzi, amandla kunye nokuxinana kwamandla ebhetri ezinomthamo omnye omncinci kuya kuba phezulu. Okokugqibela, kwaye okona kubaluleke kakhulu, xa sithetha ngokubanzi, amandla amancinci ebhetri enye inawo, kokukhona ukhuseleko lwesithuthi siphela. Ipakethi yebhetri eyenziwe linani elikhulu leeseli ezincinci, nokuba iseli enye iyasilela, ayizukubangela ingxaki kakhulu. Kodwa ukuba kukho ingxaki ngaphakathi kwebhetri enomthamo omkhulu, ingozi yokhuseleko inkulu kakhulu. Ke ngoko, iiseli ezinkulu zifuna izixhobo ezingaphezulu zokhuseleko, nto leyo enciphisa ngakumbi uxinano lwamandla ebhetri equlunqwe ziiseli ezinkulu.
Nangona kunjalo, ngesisombululo sikaTesla, izinto ezingalunganga nazo ziyabonakala. Amawaka eebhetri afuna inkqubo yokulawula ibhetri entsonkothileyo, kwaye iindleko ezongezelelweyo azinakujongelwa phantsi. I-BMS (iNkqubo yoLawulo lweBattery) esetyenziswa kwiVolkswagen E-Golf, imodyuli engaphantsi ekwaziyo ukulawula iibhetri ezili-12, ixabisa i-$17. Ngokoqikelelo lwenani leebhetri ezisetyenziswa nguTesla, nokuba iindleko ze-BMS eziphuhliswayo ziphantsi, iindleko zotyalo-mali lukaTesla kwi-BMS zingaphezu kwe-5,000 yeedola zase-US, ezibalelwa ngaphezu kwe-5% yeendleko ze-BMS. isithuthi sonke. Kulo mbono, akunakutsho ukuba ibhetri enkulu ayilungile. Kwimeko yokuba ixabiso le-BMS alizange lincitshiswe kakhulu, ubungakanani bepakethi yebhetri kufuneka bumiselwe ngokuhambelana nokubeka imoto.
Njengenye itekhnoloji engundoqo kwizithuthi zombane, i-motor ihlala iba ngundoqo wengxoxo, ngakumbi i-Tesla's motormelon-sized motor kunye nokusebenza kwemoto yezemidlalo, eyona nto imangalisa ngakumbi (amandla encopho yeModel S motor inokufikelela ngaphezulu kwe-300kW, Ubuninzi i-torque yi-600Nm, kwaye amandla aphezulu asondele kumandla wemoto enye ye-EMU ephezulu). Abanye abaphandi kwishishini leemoto laseJamani baphawule ngolu hlobo lulandelayo:
UTesla usebenzisa phantse nantoni na ngaphandle kwezinto eziqhelekileyo (umzimba we-aluminium,I-asynchronous motor yokuqhubela phambili, itekhnoloji ye-chassis eqhelekileyo enomoyaukunqunyanyiswa, i-ESP kunye nenkqubo ye-brake eqhelekileyo enempompo yokufunxa yombane, iiseli zelaptop njl.njl.)
I-Tesla isebenzisa onke amalungu aqhelekileyo, umzimba we-aluminium, ii-asynchronous motors, isakhiwo semoto esiqhelekileyo, inkqubo ye-brake kunye nebhetri yelaptop njl.
Ekuphela kwento entsha yokwenene ilele kubuchwephesha bokudibanisa ibhetriiiseli, ezisebenzisa iingcingo zokubopha iTesla patent, kunye nebhetriinkqubo yolawulo enokudanyaza “phezu komoya”, okuthetha ukubaisithuthi akusafuneki ukuba siqhube siye kwindawo yokusebenzela ukufumana uhlaziyo lwesoftware.
Ukuphela kobuchule bukaTesla bokuyila ekuphatheni kwabo ibhetri. Basebenzisa intambo yebhetri ekhethekileyo, kunye ne-BMS eyenza uthungelwano olungenazingcingo oluthe ngqo ngaphandle kwesidingo sokubuyela kumzi-mveliso ukuhlaziya isoftware.
Ngapha koko, amandla kaTesla aphezulu oxinaniso lwe-asynchronous motor ayintsha kakhulu. Kwimodeli yokuqala ye-Tesla ye-Roadster, iimveliso ze-Tomita zoMbane zaseTaiwan zisetyenziswa, kwaye iiparitha azifani kakhulu kwiiparamitha ezichazwe nguModeli S. Kuphando lwangoku, abaphengululi basekhaya nakwamanye amazwe banoyilo lwexabiso eliphantsi, amandla aphezulu. iinjini ezinokufakwa ngokukhawuleza kwimveliso. Ke xa ujonge le ntsimi, thintela iTesla eyintsomi – iimotor zikaTesla zilungile ngokwaneleyo, kodwa azilunganga kangangokuba akukho mntu unokuzakha.
Phakathi kweentlobo ezininzi zeemoto, ezo ziqhele ukusetyenziswa kwizithuthi zombane ubukhulu becala ziimotor ezilinganayo (ezikwabizwa ngokuba ziimotor induction), iimotor zesynchronous zovuyo lwangaphandle, iimotor zemagnethi ezisisigxina kunye neemotor synchronous hybrid. Abo bakholelwa ukuba iimoto ezintathu zokuqala zinolwazi oluthile malunga neenqwelo zombane ziya kuba neengcamango ezisisiseko. Iimotor ze-Asynchronous zinexabiso eliphantsi kunye nokuthembeka okuphezulu, iimotor zemagnethi ze-synchronous ezisisigxina zinoxinzelelo lwamandla aphezulu kunye nokusebenza kakuhle, ubungakanani obuncinci kodwa ixabiso eliphezulu, kunye nolawulo lwecandelo lesantya esiphezulu. .
Usenokuba ukhe weva kancinci malunga neenjini ze-synchronous hybrid, kodwa kutsha nje, uninzi lwababoneleli ngeemoto baseYurophu sele beqalisile ukubonelela ngeemoto ezinjalo. Ubuninzi bamandla kunye nokusebenza kakuhle kuphezulu kakhulu, kwaye umthamo wokugqithisa unamandla, kodwa ulawulo alunzima, olufanelekileyo kakhulu kwizithuthi zombane.
Akukho nto ikhethekileyo ngale moto. Xa kuthelekiswa nemagnethi esisigxina ye-synchronous motor, ukongeza kwiimagnethi ezisisigxina, i-rotor iphinda yongeze i-excitation winding efana ne-motor ye-synchronous yendabuko. Imoto enjalo ayinakuxinana kwamandla aphezulu kuphela eziswa yimagnethi esisigxina, kodwa iyakwazi ukuhlengahlengisa intsimi yamagnetic ngokweemfuno nge-excitation winding, enokulawulwa ngokulula kwicandelo ngalinye lesantya. Umzekelo oqhelekileyo yi-HSM1 yeemoto eziveliswa yiBRUSA eSwitzerland. I-HSM1-10.18.22 ijika yeempawu njengoko kuboniswe kumzobo ongezantsi. Amandla aphezulu angama-220kW kunye ne-torque ephezulu yi-460Nm, kodwa umthamo wayo yi-24L kuphela (i-30 cm ububanzi kunye ne-34 cm ubude) kwaye inobunzima obumalunga ne-76kg. Ubuninzi bamandla kunye nokuxinana kwe-torque ngokusisiseko kuthelekiswa neemveliso zikaTesla. Kakade ke, ixabiso alitshiphu. Le moto ixhotyiswe nge-converter frequency, kwaye ixabiso limalunga ne-11,000 yee-euro.
Kwimfuno yezithuthi zombane, ukuqokelelwa kobuchwephesha beemoto kukhule ngokwaneleyo. Into ekhoyo ngoku yimoto eyenzelwe ngokukodwa izithuthi zombane, hayi itekhnoloji yokwenza imoto enjalo. Kukholelwa ukuba ngokukhula ngokuthe ngcembe kunye nophuhliso lwemarike, iimoto ezinoxinzelelo olukhulu lwamandla ziya kuthandwa ngakumbi, kwaye ixabiso liya kusondela ngakumbi ebantwini.
Kwimfuno yezithuthi zombane, okwangoku kukho ukunqongophala kweemoto ezilungiselelwe ngokukodwa izithuthi zombane. Kukholelwa ukuba ngokukhula ngokuthe ngcembe kunye nophuhliso lwemarike, iimoto ezinoxinzelelo olukhulu lwamandla ziya kuthandwa ngakumbi, kwaye ixabiso liya kusondela ngakumbi ebantwini.
Uphando kwizithuthi zombane kufuneka zibuyele kwi-essence. Undoqo wezithuthi zombane ukhuselekile kwaye uthutho olufikelelekayo, hayi ilabhoratri yetekhnoloji ephathwayo, kwaye akuyomfuneko ukuba isebenzise eyona teknoloji iphambili kunye nefashoni. Ekugqibeleni, kufuneka kucwangciswe kwaye kuyilwe ngokweemfuno zommandla.
Ukuvela kweTesla kubonise abantu ukuba ikusasa kufuneka libe leemoto zombane. Ziziphi iimoto zombane ezizayo eziza kujongeka kwaye yiyiphi indawo iChina eya kuhlala kuyo kwishishini lezithuthi zombane kwixesha elizayo azikaziwa. Oku kukwangumtsalane womsebenzi woshishino: ngokungafaniyo nenzululwazi yendalo, kwanesiphumo esingenakuthintelwa esiboniswe yimithetho yenzululwazi yezentlalo sifuna ukuba abantu bawufezekise ngokuhlola nzima nangomzamo!
(Umbhali: Umgqatswa we-PhD kubunjineli bezithuthi zombane kwiYunivesithi yaseMunich yobuchwephesha)
Ixesha lokuposa: Mar-24-2022