Tesla achangobva kuzivisa kuti chizvarwa chinotevera chemagineti echigarire akagadziridzwa pamotokari dzavo dzemagetsi haazoshandisi zvisingawanzo pasi zvinhu zvachose!
Tesla sirogani: Magineti asingawanzo pasi pasi anobviswa zvachose
ichokwadi here ichi?
Muchokwadi, muna 2018, 93% yemota dzemagetsi dzepasirese dzakange dzakashongedzerwa nepowertrain inotyairwa nekusingaperi magineti mota yakagadzirwa neasingawanzo pasi. Muna 2020, 77% yemusika wepasi rose wemotokari yemagetsi inoshandisa magineti echigarire. Vacherechedzi veindasitiri yemotokari yemagetsi vanotenda kuti sezvo China yave imwe yemisika mikuru yemotokari dzemagetsi, uye China yakadzora zvakanyanya kupihwa kwepasi risingawanzo, hazvigoneke kuti China ichachinja kubva kumagetsi echigarire magineti. Asi chii chiri mamiriro aTesla uye anofunga sei nezvazvo? Muna 2018, Tesla akashandisa yakamisikidzwa inogara magineti synchronous mota kekutanga muModel 3, ichichengeta induction mota pane ekisero yekumberi. Parizvino, Tesla anoshandisa mhando mbiri dzemotor muModel S uye X mota dzemagetsi, imwe isingawanzo gineti yepasi pegineti mota uye imwe yacho induction mota. Induction motors inogona kupa simba rakawanda, uye induction motors ane magineti echigarire anoshanda zvakanyanya uye anogona kuvandudza kutyaira negumi%.
Mabviro echigarire magineti mota Kutaura nezve izvi, isu tinofanirwa kutaura kuti iyo isingawanzo pasi magineti mota yakauya sei. Wese munhu anoziva kuti magineti inogadzira magetsi uye magetsi anogadzira magineti, uye chizvarwa chemota hachipatsanurwe kubva kune remagineti. Naizvozvo, kune nzira mbiri dzekupa magineti: excitation uye isingaperi magineti. DC motors, synchronous motors uye akawanda madiki akakosha mota zvese zvinoda DC magineti. Nzira yechinyakare ndeyekushandisa coil ine simba (inonzi danda remagineti) ine iron core kuwana magineti, asi chakashata chikuru cheiyi nzira ndechekuti yazvino ine kurasikirwa kwesimba mukupokana kwekoiri (kupisa chizvarwa), nekudaro ichideredza. kushanda zvakanaka kwemotokari uye kuwedzera mari yekushandisa. Panguva ino, vanhu vakafunga - kana pane chigarire magnetic field, uye magetsi haasati ashandiswa kubudisa magnetism, ipapo index yehupfumi yemotokari ichavandudzwa. Saka kutenderera kuma1980s, zvakasiyana-siyana zvemagineti zvechigarire zvakaonekwa, uye zvakazoiswa kumamotor, zvichigadzira zvisingaperi magineti mota.
Rare pasi pechigarire magineti mota inotungamira Saka ndezvipi zvinhu zvinogona kugadzira magineti asingagumi? Vazhinji venetizen vanofunga kuti kunongova nemhando imwe chete yezvinhu. Muchokwadi, kune mana makuru emhando dzemagineti anogona kugadzira chisingaperi magineti, anoti: ceramic (ferrite), aluminium nickel cobalt (AlNiCo), samarium cobalt (SmCo) uye neodymium iron boron (NdFeB). Special neodymium magineti alloys anosanganisira terbium uye dysprosium akagadzirwa ane tembiricha yepamusoro yeCurie, achivabvumira kutsungirira tembiricha yepamusoro inosvika 200°C.
Pamberi pemakore ekuma1980, zvigadziriso zvemagineti zvechigarire zvainyanya kuita ferrite magineti echigarire uye alnico magineti echigarire, asi remanence yezvinhu izvi haina kusimba zvakanyanya, saka iyo magineti inogadzirwa haina kusimba. Kwete izvozvo chete, asi simba rekumanikidza remhando mbiri idzi dzemagineti echigarire rakaderera, uye kana vangosangana nekunze remagineti, vanobatwa zviri nyore uye demagnetized, izvo zvinotadzisa kugadzirwa kwechigarire magineti mota. Ngatikurukurei nezvemagineti epasi asingawanzo. Muchokwadi, magineti epasi asingawanzo akakamurwa kuita marudzi maviri emagineti echigarire: mwenje isingawanzo pasi uye inorema isingawanzo pasi. Nzvimbo dzepasi rose dzisingawanzo chengetedzo dzinosanganisira 85% yepasi isingawanzo mwenje uye 15% inorema isingawanzo pasi. Iyo yekupedzisira inopa yakakwira tembiricha yakayerwa magineti akakodzera akawanda emotokari application. Mushure memakore ekuma1980, magineti echigarire eNdFeB akaonekwa. Zvishandiso zvakadaro zvine remanence yakakwirira, pamwe nekumanikidza kwakanyanya uye kugadzirwa kwesimba, asi kazhinji kudzikisa tembiricha yeCurie pane dzimwe nzira. Iyo isingawanzo pasi inogara magineti mota yakagadzirwa nayo ine akawanda mabhenefiti, akadai sekushanda kwepamusoro, hapana coil yekukurudzira, saka hapana yekuwedzeredza kurasikirwa kwesimba; iyo hama yemagineti permeability iri padyo neiyo yemuchina wemhepo, iyo inoderedza iyo mota inductance uye inovandudza simba chinhu. Izvo chaizvo nekuda kweiyo nani simba density uye kugona kweasingawanzo pasi isingaperi magineti mota kuti kune akawanda akasiyana madhizaini emagetsi drive motors, uye anonyanya kufarirwa haawanzo pasi isingaperi magineti mota. Tesla anoda kubvisa Kutsamira paChinese isingawanzo pasi?
Wese munhu anoziva kuti China inopa huwandu hwakawanda hwezvisingawanzo zvepasi zviwanikwa munyika. United States yakaonawo izvi mumakore achangopfuura. Ivo havadi kumanikidzwa neChina mukupihwa kwepasi isingawanzo. Naizvozvo, mushure mekunge Biden atora chigaro, akaedza kuwedzera kutora chikamu kwake muchikamu chisingawanikwe chekugovera pasi. Ndicho chimwe chezvakakosha pamadhora mazana maviri emadhora ezvivakwa. MP Materials, iyo yakatenga mugodhi wakambovharwa muCalifornia muna 2017, iri kurwira kudzoreredza US isingawanzo kugovera pasi pecheni, ichitarisa neodymium uye praseodymium, uye inotarisira kuve mugadziri anodhura zvakanyanya. Lynas akagamuchira mari yehurumende yekuvaka mwenje isingawanzo kugadzira pasi muTexas uye ane imwe kondirakiti yenzvimbo inorema isingawanzo kupatsanura pasi muTexas. Kunyange zvazvo United States yakaita nhamburiko dzakawanda kudaro, vanhu vari muindastiri vanotenda kuti munguva pfupi, kunyanya maererano nemitengo, China icharamba iri pachinzvimbo chikuru mukugoverwa kwepasi risingawanzoitiki, uye United States haigoni kuizunungusa zvachose.
Pamwe Tesla akazviona, uye vakafunga kushandisa magineti echigarire asingashandise isingawanzo pasi semotor. Uku kufungidzira kwakashinga, kana jee, isu hatisati taziva. Kana Tesla akasiya magineti echigarire motors uye achidzokera kumashure kune induction motors, iyi inoita kunge isiri maitiro avo ekuita zvinhu. Uye Tesla anoda kushandisa magineti echigarire, uye anosiya zvachose magineti asingawanzo epasi, saka pane zvingangoitika zviviri: imwe ndeyekuve nemhedzisiro yemhedzisiro pane yekutanga ceramic (ferrite) uye AlNiCo magineti echigarire, Chechipiri ndechekuti magineti echigarire akagadzirwa. zvimwe zvisiri zvisingawanzo pasi alloy zvinhu zvinogonawo kuchengetedza zvakafanana neasingawanzo pasi magineti echigarire. Kana vasiri vaviri ava, saka Tesla anogona kunge ari kutamba nemaconcepts. Da Vukovich, purezidhendi weAlliance LLC, akambotaura kuti "nekuda kwehunhu hwemagineti epasi asingawanzo, hapana imwe magineti inogona kuenderana nekuita kwavo kwesimba rakakura. Haukwanise kunyatso kutsiva magineti epasi asingawanzo”.
Zvisinei nekuti Tesla ari kutamba nemaconcepts kana kuti anoda chaizvo kubvisa kuvimba kwayo neChina isingawanzo kupihwa pasi maererano nemagineti echigarire mota, mupepeti anotenda kuti zviwanikwa zvepasi zvisingawanzo zvakakosha, uye isu tinofanirwa kuzvigadzira zvine musoro, uye kubhadhara zvakanyanya. kufunga nezvezvizvarwa zvinotevera. Panguva imwecheteyo, vaongorori vanofanirwa kuwedzera kuedza kwavo kwekutsvaga. Ngatiregei kutaura kuti kuumbwa kwaTesla kwakanaka here kana kuti kwete, zvakatipa mamwe mazano uye kukurudzira.
