Purezidenti wa US a Joe Biden posachedwapa adapita ku North American International Auto Show ku Detroit.Biden, yemwe amadzitcha "Galimoto", adalemba pa Twitter, "Lero ndapita ku Detroit Auto Show ndikuwona magalimoto amagetsi ndi maso anga, ndipo magalimoto amagetsi awa amandipatsa zifukwa zambiri zokhalira ndi chiyembekezo chamtsogolo." Koma zamanyazi, Biden ndinadzijambula ndekha ndi galimoto yamafuta - galimotoyo ndi 2023 Chevrolet Corvette (magawo | kufunsa) Z06.
Ngakhale izi zakopa chitonzo kuchokera kwa ma netizens ndi Republican Party, ziyenera kunenedwa kuti kuyambira pomwe Biden adatenga udindo, mfundo zothandizira ku US zokhudzana ndi magalimoto amagetsi atsopano zakhala zikupanga zatsopano.A Biden adalonjeza ku Detroit Auto Show kuti apereka mabiliyoni mabiliyoni a madola pangongole, kupanga ndi zopumira zamisonkho za ogula ndi ndalama zothandizira kufulumizitsa kusintha kwa magalimoto a injini zoyatsira mkati kupita kuyeretsa magalimoto amagetsi.
Panthawi imodzimodziyo, adawonetsanso zina zomwe zachitika posachedwa ndi malamulo, imodzi mwa izo ndi Inflation Reduction Act, yomwe imanena kuti United States sichidzapereka ndalama zothandizira magalimoto atsopano amagetsi a batri ndi zipangizo zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito m'mayiko ovuta.
M'malo mwake, a Biden adaloza chala cha mabatire amagetsi chaka chatha: "China imapanga 80% ya mabatire amagetsi padziko lonse lapansi. Sapangidwa ku China kokha, komanso amapangidwa ku Germany ndi Mexico, kenako amatumizidwa kudziko lonse lapansi. Powona kuti China ili m'makampani a batri Ndi kukwera kwa unyolo, a Biden adakhazikitsa FLAG, "China sichingapambane! Chifukwa sitiwalola kuti apambane.
Pansi pa utsogoleri wa Biden, msika wamagalimoto amagetsi aku US ukuyembekezeka kutsegulidwa bwino monga China ndi Europe.Panthawi imodzimodziyo, United States, yomwe ikufuna kukhala ndi "maubwenzi ochepa" ndi China, ikuumirira kulamulira makina onse atsopano a magalimoto amagetsi.
■Kodi makampani opanga magalimoto amagetsi angasinthedi?
Biden posachedwapa wasayina "Inflation Reduction Act", yomwe ili ndi mphamvu yayikulu kwambiri kumakampani aku China pokhazikitsa ziletso zamabatire amagetsi pazithandizo zamagalimoto amagetsi oyera, zomwe zimawonedwanso ndi makampani ngati "kuchotsa" makampani amagalimoto aku US. .
Ndalamayi ikufuna kupitiriza kupereka ngongole ya msonkho ya $ 7,500 yamagalimoto atsopano, kuchotsa ndalama zokwana 200,000 zamagalimoto amakampani agalimoto, koma onjezerani "Made in America" chofunikira.Ndiko kuti, magalimoto ayenera kusonkhanitsidwa ku United States, gawo lalikulu la magawo a batri amphamvu amapangidwa ku North America, ndipo gawo lalikulu la zinthu zofunika kwambiri zamchere amapangidwa ku United States kapena ndi abwenzi aku US amalonda aulere, ndi batri yamagetsi. zigawo zikuluzikulu ndi zofunika mchere zopangira zisachoke ku mayiko tcheru mabungwe.
Carla Bailo, pulezidenti wa Center for Automotive Research (CAR), ponena za zolinga za biluyo: “Kufikira pamene tikusowa zipangizo pakali pano, sindikuganiza kuti lero pali chinthu chilichonse chimene chikugwirizana ndi mfundo imeneyi.”
Izi sizowona.Chifukwa cha kuchepa kwa chuma chake komanso chitetezo cha chilengedwe, kupanga ndi kukonza zinthu za batri ku United States kwakhala pang'onopang'ono.
Zina mwazinthu zopangira mabatire amphamvu, zofunika kwambiri ndi faifi tambala, cobalt, ndi lithiamu.Global lifiyamu chuma makamaka anagawira "lifiyamu makona atatu" ku South America, ndicho Argentina, Chile ndi Bolivia; zinthu za nickel zimakhazikika ku Indonesia ndi Philippines; chuma cha cobalt chimagawidwa kwambiri m'maiko monga Congo (DRC) ku Africa.Makina opanga ma batire amphamvu amakhazikika ku China, Japan ndi South Korea.
"Biliyo ipangitsa makampani opanga magalimoto opangira magetsi kuti ayang'ane mipata yambiri yopezera zinthu kuchokera ku United States kapena mayiko omwe ali ndi mgwirizano wamalonda waulere ndi United States, zomwe zikukhudza mayendedwe amagetsi padziko lonse lapansi. Kusamutsa kwa chain chain kungapangitse mtengo wa zinthu za batri. ” Fitch Ratings North America Stephen Brown, mkulu wamkulu wamakampani owerengera, adayankhapo.
John Bozzella, pulezidenti wa American Automobile Innovation Alliance, ananena mosapita m'mbali kuti pafupifupi 70% ya magalimoto 72 amagetsi ndi ma hybrids omwe ali pamsika wa US sadzakhalanso oyenera.Pambuyo pa Januware 1, 2023, gawo lochepera la 40% la zida zopangira ndi 50% ya zida za batri zidzakhazikitsidwa, ndipo palibe mtundu womwe ungayenerere kulandira ndalama zonse.Izi zikhudza cholinga cha US chofikira 40% -50% yazogulitsa zamagalimoto amagetsi pofika 2030.
Li Qian, mlembi wa BYD's board of directors, adayankhanso "kuchotsedwa" kwa magalimoto amagetsi ku United States.Anati mu gulu la abwenzi a WeChat: Sindikuwona, kodi magalimoto amagetsi angapangidwe bwanji?M'makampani oyendetsa magalimoto amagetsi, United States idakali yakhanda ndipo imadalira ndalama zowonjezera kuti zithandizire, pamene China yasintha kwambiri kuchoka ku ndondomeko kupita ku msika.
Ndipotu, pali mayiko omwe achitapo kanthu patsogolo pathu ndipo akutsutsana ndi United States.Malingana ndi malipoti a ku South Korea atolankhani, United States itangotulutsa "Inflation Reduction Act", boma la South Korea silinavomereze kampani ya L & F ya South Korea, yomwe imapanga zipangizo zamagetsi zamagetsi, kuti amange fakitale ku United States.
Chifukwa choperekedwa ndi Unduna wa Zamakampani waku Korea ndikuti zida, njira ndi matekinoloje opangira okhudzana ndi mabatire omwe amatha kuchangidwanso ndi matekinoloje apamwamba kwambiri omwe amatsimikizira maziko a mpikisano wamakampani a batri.Ngati matekinolojewa akuyenda kutsidya kwa nyanja, zidzakhala ndi zotsatira zoipa pamakampani aku South Korea komanso chitetezo cha dziko.
Kuchokera pamalingaliro othandiza, ngakhale mabatire aku China sagwiritsidwa ntchito, United States idzadalirabe ogulitsa mabatire aku Korea pakanthawi kochepa. Pakati pawo, Ford ndi SKI ali omangika kwambiri ndipo akukonzekera kumanga mafakitale apamwamba atatu ndi okwana 130GWh; GM ipanga mgwirizano ndi LG New Energy. ; Stellantis, LG New Energy ndi Samsung SDI ali ndi mabatire amagetsi.
"Pulatifomu yamagalimoto amagetsi a Universal itengera batire ya LG yamphamvu"
Ngakhale kuti malamulo atsopano okhudzana ndi galimoto yamagetsi mu "Lamulo la Kuchepetsa Kutsika kwa Mtengo" alibe mphamvu zochepa kusiyana ndi zomwe msika ukuyembekeza, ndondomekoyi siyikuyika malire apamwamba pa kuchuluka kwa ndalama zothandizira ndipo ikufotokoza momveka bwino zaka khumi zikubwerazi, makamaka nthawi yayitali.
Komabe, bungwe la Auto Innovation Alliance, lomwe ndi mgwirizano waukulu wamakampani opanga magalimoto ku United States, likukhulupirira kuti malinga ndi biluyo, ngati makampani amagalimoto aku America akufuna kupeza ndalama zothandizira, zingatenge zaka zinayi kuti asinthe njira yogulitsira. Ngati akufuna kukwaniritsa zopinga ziwiri za zinthu zopangira ndi kupanga zinthu, Kuti muthandizidwe mokwanira, muyenera kudikirira mpaka 2027 kapena 2028.
Ndikoyenera kutchula kuti pakali pano, Tesla ndi GM sanasangalale ndi subsidy ya 7,500 yuan pa njinga konse, koma akhoza kupindula ngati akwaniritsa zofunikira za subsidy pambuyo pake.Tesla yalengeza kuti ikuyimitsa mapulani opangira mabatire ku Germany kuti athe kulandira ngongole yamisonkho yaku US.Pakalipano, akukambirana zotumiza zipangizo zopangira zinthu ku United States.
■Kodi makampani aku China amawonongeka kwambiri?
Tesla, yemwe kale anali mtsogoleri, salinso wopanga magalimoto amagetsi padziko lonse lapansi.Mu theka loyamba la chaka chino, BYD inagulitsa magalimoto amagetsi a 640,000, pamene Tesla, yemwe poyamba anali woyamba, anagulitsa 564,000 okha, akuyika kachiwiri.
M'malo mwake, Musk wakhala akunyoza BYD nthawi zambiri, ndipo ngakhale adapopera molunjika pafunsoli, "BYD ndi kampani yopanda ukadaulo, ndipo mtengo wagalimoto ndi wokwera kwambiri pazogulitsa." Koma izi sizinalepheretse Tesla ndi BYD kukhala mabwenzi. .Mabatire a Blade operekedwa ndi BYD aperekedwa ku Tesla's Gigafactory ku Berlin, Germany, malinga ndi anthu angapo omwe amadziwa bwino nkhaniyi.
Zitha kuwoneka kuti palibe malo okhazikika, zofuna zamuyaya zokha, ndipo mphamvu zatsopano za China ndi United States zakhala zikuphatikizidwa.
Pambuyo pazaka zachitukuko chofulumira, msika waku China wamagalimoto amagetsi watsopano wapanga gulu lathunthu lamakampani padziko lonse lapansi.Pofuna kulimbikitsa ufulu wolankhula m'mafakitale, opanga mabatire omwe akuimiridwa ndi CATL ayesetsanso kuyesetsa kukulitsa ma tentacles awo kumakampani akumtunda. Makampani ambiri aku China nawonso amatenga nawo gawo pakupanga migodi ya kutsidya kwa nyanja kudzera mukutengapo mbali, kulemba pansi, ndi umwini wawo. Ganfeng Lithium ndi Tianqi Lithium ndi bizinesi yomwe imapanga migodi ya lithiamu yakunja.
Titha kunena kuti mu batire yamagetsi yapadziko lonse lapansi TOP10, makampani 6 aku China, makampani atatu aku Korea, ndi kampani imodzi yaku Japan akhala chizolowezi.Malinga ndi kafukufuku waposachedwa wa SNE Research, makampani asanu ndi limodzi aku China ali ndi gawo lonse la msika la 56%, pomwe CATL yachulukitsa msika wake kuchokera ku 28% mpaka 34%.
Poyerekeza ndi mayiko ena, makampani opanga magalimoto amagetsi ku China amaliza ntchito yopambana kuyambira pamwamba mpaka pansi mpaka pansi pa mtsinje wapansi, mabatire amphamvu apakati ayamba kukhazikika, ndipo magalimoto akumunsi ayamba kuphuka paliponse.
Ndipo a Biden atsimikiza mtima "kuchotsa" batire lapadziko lonse lapansi.CATL yaganiza zochedwetsa kulengeza fakitale yaku North America chifukwa cha mikangano yokhudzana ndi speaker waku US House, malinga ndi anthu omwe akuidziwa bwino nkhaniyi.Akuti fakitaleyi idakonza zoikapo ndalama mabiliyoni ambiri kuti ipereke magalimoto a Tesla ndi Ford.
M'mbuyomu, Zeng Yuqun, wapampando wa CATL, adanenanso momveka bwino kuti: "Tiyenera kupita kumsika waku US!" Koma tsopano CATL yayika ma euro 7.34 biliyoni pamsika waku Hungary.
Mwina, makampani ochulukira adzayimitsa mapulani awo olowera msika waku US kapena kumanga mafakitale ku US.Poyambirira, zinali zovuta kwambiri kuti makampani amagalimoto aku China atumize ku United States. Kuphatikiza pa kulowerera ndale, United States ilinso ndi malamulo okhwima kwambiri, ndipo makampani amagalimoto aku China nthawi zambiri amakhala oletsedwa.Kuyambira 2005, mitundu isanu ndi umodzi yaku China yayesera ndipo yalephera.
Katswiri wina wofufuza za magalimoto akukhulupirira kuti kulengeza kwa “Inflation Reduction Act” ku United States kudzachititsa kuti makampani a magalimoto aku China awonongeke pang’ono, chifukwa makampani amagalimoto aku China sanaikepo ndalama m’mafakitale akuluakulu ku United States, ndiponso msika wawo. gawo ku United States ndi pafupifupi ziro. .Popeza kulibe bizinesi konse, chotsatira choyipa ndichakuti sichidzatha kulowa mumsika waku US.
"Pakadali pano, kutayika kwakukulu kungakhale kutumiza mabatire amagetsi kunja, koma makampani a mabatire aku China amatha kudalira msika waku Europe kuti akwaniritse izi, ndipo kukwera kwachuma kumatha kubweretsanso phindu kumakampani a mabatire aku China." Munthu amene watchulidwa pamwambayo anatero.
■Kodi United States ingabwererenso "zaka zinayi zomwe zidatayika"?
Kuyambira pomwe Trump adatenga udindo, magalimoto amphamvu aku America adakumana ndi "zaka zinayi zotayika", pafupifupi zokhazikika pamalamulo adziko lonse, ndipo zasiyidwa kwambiri ndi China ndi Europe.
Kwa chaka chonse cha 2020, kugulitsa magalimoto amagetsi ku United States ndi ochepera 350,000, pomwe manambala ku China ndi Europe ndi 1.24 miliyoni ndi 1.36 miliyoni, motsatana.
Sizophweka kuti a Biden awonjezere kufunikira kwa ogula poonjezera ndalama zothandizira, chifukwa zoletsa zomwe United States zimakhazikitsa ndizovuta kwambiri, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zovuta kuti makampani agalimoto ndi ogula apeze ndalama zenizeni.
M'mbuyomu, ndalama ziwiri zolimbikitsira zomwe Biden adapereka zidakumananso ndi zovuta.Biden atayamba kulamulira, adaponya "mabomba achifumu" awiri limodzi ndi linzake: imodzi inali yopatsa makampani opanga magalimoto amagetsi ndondomeko yolimbikitsira $ 174 biliyoni kuti apereke ndalama zothandizira anthu ogwiritsa ntchito komanso kumanga milu yolipiritsa, ndi zina zambiri; china chinali kubwezeretsa kayendetsedwe ka Trump. Ndalama zatsopano zogulira magalimoto opangira mphamvu zidathetsedwa panthawiyi, ndipo malire apamwamba a ndalama zothandizira njinga adasinthidwa kukhala madola 12,500 aku US.
Mosiyana ndi mayiko ena, kusankha mafuta kapena mphamvu zatsopano ku United States si nkhani ya njira m'munda wa mafakitale, koma nyengo yokhudzana ndi ndale.
Mwachitsanzo, pali zosemphana ndi mfundo yakuti makampani amafuta aku US ali ndi mfundo zambiri zoyendetsera mafuta, zomwe zimachitika kwambiri ndi msonkho wotsika wamafuta amafuta.Bungwe lofufuza zapakhomo lafufuza za chiŵerengero cha msonkho wa petulo ku mtengo womaliza wogulitsa, ndipo linapeza kuti United States ndi 11%, pamene China ndi 30%, Japan ndi 39%, ndi Germany ndi 57%.
Choncho, thandizo la 174 biliyoni lakhala likuphwanyidwa kwambiri pansi pa kutsekedwa mobwerezabwereza kwa Republican Party, ndipo thandizo la 12,500 lakhazikitsanso malire: $ 4,500 ndi makampani a magalimoto "ogwirizana" - GM, Ford ndi Stellantis, Tesla ndi makampani ena agalimoto. anayima pakhomo.
M'malo mwake, kuwonjezera pa Tesla, yomwe yakhala ikutenga pafupifupi 60% -80% ya msika wamagalimoto amagetsi aku US, makampani atatu akuluakulu apanyumba aku US ali ndi katundu wolemetsa, akusintha, komanso kusowa kwazinthu zophulika zomwe zimatha kumenyedwa. . Kuchita kwakhala kochulukira nthawi zonse.
Malinga ndi ziwerengero za ICCT, padzakhala mitundu 59 yatsopano yamagetsi yomwe ikugulitsidwa pamsika waku US mu 2020, pomwe China ndi Europe zimapereka mitundu 300 ndi 180 motsatana nthawi yomweyo.
Pankhani ya deta yogulitsa, ngakhale kuti malonda a magalimoto amagetsi ku United States amaposa kawiri mpaka 630,000 mu 2021, malonda ku China pafupifupi katatu mpaka 3.3 miliyoni, pafupifupi theka la chiwerengero cha padziko lonse; Zogulitsa zidakwera 65% mpaka magalimoto 2.3 miliyoni.
Mu theka loyamba la chaka chino, malinga ndi kuyitanitsa kwa Biden kuti mitengo yamafuta ikukwera, kugulitsa magalimoto amagetsi atsopano ku United States kudangokwera ndi 52%. %.
Malinga ndi ofufuza zamakampani, ndi kulowa mwachangu kwamakampani amagalimoto okhazikika monga GM, Ford, Toyota, ndi Volkswagen, komanso mphamvu zatsopano zamagetsi monga Rivian, zikuyembekezeka kuti mu 2022, kuchuluka kwa magalimoto amagetsi ku United States. Maiko adzapitilira 100, ndipo akuyembekezeka kulowa mumpikisano pakati pa masukulu zana amalingaliro.F150-Lighting, R1T, Cybertruck, etc. idzaza kusiyana pamsika wamagetsi wamagetsi, ndipo Lyric, Mustang Mach-E, Wrangler ndi mitundu ina akuyembekezekanso kupititsa patsogolo msika wa US SUV.
Pakali pano, US ndi malo amodzi kumbuyo pankhani ya magalimoto amagetsi.Pakalipano, kulowetsedwa kwa msika wonse wamagetsi atsopano ku United States kudakali pamunsi wa 6.59%, pamene kulowetsedwa kwa magalimoto atsopano amphamvu ku China kwafika 22%.
Monga a Li Qian adanenera, "makampani aku China amagalimoto amagetsi akhala akukula movutikira kwa zaka zambiri. Zomwe zikuchitika pano ndikuti United States imadalira thandizo, ndipo China imadalira kusinthika ndi kubwereza. Zikuwonekeratu pang'onopang'ono yemwe ali mchitidwe. Makampani omwe angapulumuke pampikisano mwina sangakhale ndi mpikisano pamsika wapadziko lonse lapansi. "
Komabe, momwe mungasungire mwayi woyamba wa magalimoto amagetsi ndiye cholinga chathu chamtsogolo.Kupatula apo, njira yamagalimoto amphamvu zatsopano ikadali yayitali kwambiri, ndipo m'munda wanzeru, tchipisi tathu timakakamirabe.
Nthawi yotumiza: Sep-22-2022