Nthawi yakwana ndipo malowa ndi oyenera, ndipo makampani onse aku China amagalimoto amagetsi ali otanganidwa. China ikuwoneka kuti yakhala likulu la makampani opanga magalimoto amagetsi padziko lonse lapansi.
M'malo mwake, ku Germany, ngati gawo lanu silipereka milu yolipiritsa, mungafunike kugula nokha. pa khomo. Komabe, nthawi zonse timakambirana chifukwa chake makampani ambiri amagalimoto aku Germany sangapange Tesla, ndipo sizovuta kupeza zifukwa pano.
Mu 2014, Pulofesa Lienkamp wa Technical University of Munich adasindikiza buku latsopano "Status of Electric Mobility 2014", lomwe ndi laulere komanso lotseguka kwa anthu, ndipo anati: "Ngakhale kuti magalimoto amagetsi ali ndi zolakwika zosiyanasiyana, sindinayambe ndawonapo galimoto yomwe imagwira ntchito. ali kale ndi magetsi oyenda. Dalaivala wagalimotoyo adalowanso mkukumbatirana ndi galimoto yachikhalidwe. Ngakhale galimoto yamagetsi yofala kwambiri imakubweretserani chisangalalo choyendetsa galimoto, chomwe sichingafanane ndi galimoto yamafuta.” Galimoto yotereyi imatha kupangitsa mwiniwake wagalimotoyo kuti asayambenso Kuponyanso m'manja mwa magalimoto achikhalidwe?
Monga tonse tikudziwa, mtima wa galimoto yamagetsi ndi batri.
Kwa galimoto yamagetsi wamba, pansi pa mayeso a ku Ulaya, mphamvu yogwiritsira ntchito makilomita 100 ndi pafupifupi 17kWh, ndiko kuti, 17 kWh. Dr. Thomas Pesce adaphunzira kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zamagalimoto ang'onoang'ono pansi pakusintha koyenera. Popanda kuganizira za mtengo wake, kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu moyenera pamakilomita 100 omwe amapezedwa pogwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo womwe ulipo ndi wopitilira 15kWh. Izi zikutanthauza kuti m'kanthawi kochepa, kuyesera kuchepetsa mphamvu yogwiritsira ntchito mphamvu mwa kukhathamiritsa kuyendetsa bwino kwa galimoto yokha, ngakhale popanda kuganizira mtengo wowonjezera, mphamvu yopulumutsa mphamvu ndi yochepa.
Tengani paketi ya batri ya Tesla ya 85kWh monga chitsanzo. Mtunda wodziwika bwino woyendetsa ndi 500km. Ngati kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu kuchepetsedwa kufika 15kWh/100km kudzera muzoyesayesa zosiyanasiyana, mtunda woyendetsa ukhoza kuonjezedwa mpaka 560km. Choncho, tikhoza kunena kuti moyo wa batri wa galimoto ndi wofanana ndi mphamvu ya paketi ya batri, ndipo coefficient yofanana imakhala yokhazikika. Kuchokera pamalingaliro awa, kugwiritsa ntchito mabatire okhala ndi mphamvu zambiri (mphamvu zonse Wh/kg pa kulemera kwa unit ndi mphamvu Wh/L pa voliyumu ya unit ziyenera kuganiziridwa) ndizofunikira kwambiri kuti magalimoto amagetsi aziyenda bwino, chifukwa mu magalimoto amagetsi, batire imakhala ndi gawo lalikulu la kulemera konse.
Mitundu yonse ya mabatire a lithiamu-ion ndi omwe akuyembekezeredwa kwambiri komanso mabatire omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri. Mabatire a lithiamu omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito m'magalimoto makamaka amaphatikiza nickel cobalt lithium manganate ternary battery (NCM), nickel cobalt lithium aluminate battery (NCA) ndi lithiamu iron phosphate (LPF).
1. Nickel-cobalt lithiamu manganate ternary batire NCMamagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi magalimoto ambiri amagetsi kunja kwa dziko chifukwa cha kutentha kwake kochepa, kukhazikika kwabwino, moyo wautali, ndi mphamvu za 150-220Wh / kg.
2. NCA nickel-cobalt aluminate lithiamu batire
Tesla amagwiritsa ntchito batri iyi. Kuchuluka kwa mphamvu ndipamwamba, pa 200-260Wh / kg, ndipo akuyembekezeka kufika 300Wh / kg posachedwa. Vuto lalikulu ndilokuti Panasonic yekha ndi amene angatulutse batireyi pakali pano, mtengo wake ndi wapamwamba, ndipo chitetezo ndi choipitsitsa pakati pa mabatire atatu a lithiamu, omwe amafunikira kutentha kwapamwamba kwambiri komanso kayendetsedwe ka batri.
3. LPF lithiamu iron phosphate batire Pomaliza, tiyeni tiwone batire ya LPF yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pamagalimoto amagetsi apanyumba. Choyipa chachikulu cha mtundu uwu wa batri ndikuti mphamvu yamagetsi ndi yochepa kwambiri, yomwe imatha kufika 100-120Wh / kg. Kuphatikiza apo, LPF imakhalanso ndi chiwopsezo chachikulu chodziletsa. Palibe mwa izi chomwe chimafunidwa ndi opanga ma EV. Kufalikira kwa LPF ku China kuli ngati kunyengerera komwe amapangidwa ndi opanga kunyumba kuti azitha kuyendetsa mabatire okwera mtengo komanso makina oziziritsa - Mabatire a LPF amakhala okhazikika komanso otetezeka kwambiri, ndipo amatha kutsimikizira kugwira ntchito mokhazikika ngakhale ali ndi machitidwe owongolera a batri komanso moyo wautali wa batri. Phindu lina lomwe limabwera ndi izi ndikuti mabatire ena a LPF ali ndi mphamvu zambiri zotulutsa mphamvu, zomwe zimatha kusintha magwiridwe antchito agalimoto. Kuonjezera apo, mtengo wa mabatire a LPF ndi otsika kwambiri, choncho ndi oyenera njira yamakono yotsika komanso yotsika mtengo yamagalimoto apanyumba amagetsi. Koma kaya idzapangidwa mwamphamvu ngati teknoloji ya batri yamtsogolo, pali funso.
Kodi batire yagalimoto yamagetsi yamagetsi iyenera kukhala yayikulu bwanji? Kodi ndi batire paketi yokhala ndi masauzande ambiri a mabatire a Tesla motsatizana komanso mofananira, kapena batire yomangidwa ndi mabatire akulu ochepa ochokera ku BYD? Ili ndi funso losafufuzidwa, ndipo pakadali pano palibe yankho lotsimikizika. Zokhazokha za paketi ya batri yopangidwa ndi maselo akuluakulu ndi maselo ang'onoang'ono amayambitsidwa pano.
Battery ikakhala yaying'ono, malo onse otenthetsera kutentha kwa batire amakhala akulu, ndipo kutentha kwa paketi yonse ya batri kumatha kuyendetsedwa bwino kudzera mu kapangidwe koyenera ka kutentha komwe kumapangitsa kuti kutentha kusakhale kofulumira komanso kusokoneza. moyo wa batri. Nthawi zambiri, mphamvu ndi kachulukidwe ka mabatire okhala ndi kachulukidwe kakang'ono kamodzi kamakhala kokwezeka. Pomaliza, komanso chofunika kwambiri, nthawi zambiri, mphamvu zochepa zomwe betri imodzi imakhala nayo, chitetezo cha galimoto yonse chimakhala chokwera kwambiri. Paketi ya batri yopangidwa ndi maselo ambiri ang'onoang'ono, ngakhale selo limodzi litalephera, silingabweretse vuto lalikulu. Koma ngati pali vuto mkati mwa batire yokhala ndi mphamvu yayikulu, ngozi yachitetezo ndi yayikulu kwambiri. Chifukwa chake, ma cell akulu amafunikira zida zodzitchinjiriza, zomwe zimachepetsanso kuchulukitsitsa kwamphamvu kwa paketi ya batri yopangidwa ndi maselo akulu.
Komabe, ndi yankho la Tesla, zovuta zake zikuwonekeranso. Mabatire zikwizikwi amafunikira makina owongolera a batri ovuta kwambiri, ndipo mtengo wowonjezera sungathe kuchepetsedwa. BMS (Battery Management System) yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito pa Volkswagen E-Golf, gawo laling'ono lomwe limatha kuyang'anira mabatire 12, limawononga $17. Malingana ndi chiwerengero cha mabatire omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi Tesla, ngakhale mtengo wa BMS wodzipangira yekha uli wotsika, mtengo wa ndalama za Tesla ku BMS ndi woposa madola 5,000 a US, omwe amawerengera ndalama zoposa 5% za mtengo wamtengo wapatali. galimoto yonse. Kuchokera pamalingaliro awa, sizinganenedwe kuti batire yayikulu si yabwino. Ngati mtengo wa BMS sunachepetsedwe kwambiri, kukula kwa paketi ya batri kuyenera kutsimikiziridwa molingana ndi malo agalimoto.
Monga ukadaulo wina wapakatikati pamagalimoto amagetsi, injiniyo nthawi zambiri imakhala phata la zokambirana, makamaka injini ya Tesla ya chivwende yokhala ndi masewera amasewera, yomwe imakhala yodabwitsa kwambiri (mphamvu yayikulu ya mota ya Model S imatha kufikira 300kW, The maximum torque ndi 600Nm, ndipo mphamvu yapamwamba ili pafupi ndi mphamvu ya injini imodzi ya EMU yothamanga kwambiri). Ofufuza ena mumakampani opanga magalimoto ku Germany adayankha motere:
Tesla sagwiritsa ntchito chilichonse kupatula zigawo wamba (thupi la aluminiyamu,Asynchronous motor for propulsion, ukadaulo wamba wachassis wokhala ndi mpweyakuyimitsidwa, ESP ndi ochiritsira brake dongosolo ndi magetsi vacuum mpope, maselo laputopu etc.)
Tesla amagwiritsa ntchito ziwalo zonse wamba, thupi la aluminiyamu, ma asynchronous motors, mawonekedwe agalimoto wamba, ma brake system ndi batire laputopu etc.
Chidziwitso chokha chowona chagona muukadaulo wolumikiza batiremaselo, omwe amagwiritsa ntchito mawaya omangirira omwe Tesla ali ndi patent, komanso batrikasamalidwe kamene kamatha kuwalitsidwa "pamlengalenga", kutanthauza kutigalimoto sikufunikanso kuyendetsa kupita ku msonkhano kuti ikalandire zosintha zamapulogalamu.
Kupanga kwanzeru kokha kwa Tesla ndiko kugwiritsa ntchito batri. Amagwiritsa ntchito chingwe chapadera cha batri, ndi BMS yomwe imathandizira maukonde opanda zingwe popanda chifukwa chobwerera kufakitale kuti akakonze mapulogalamu.
M'malo mwake, mota ya Tesla yamphamvu kwambiri ya asynchronous si yachilendo kwambiri. Mu chitsanzo choyambirira cha Roadster cha Tesla, zinthu za Tomita Electric za ku Taiwan zimagwiritsidwa ntchito, ndipo magawo sali osiyana kwambiri ndi magawo omwe adalengezedwa ndi Model S. Pakafukufuku wamakono, akatswiri kunyumba ndi kunja ali ndi mapangidwe otsika mtengo, apamwamba kwambiri. ma motors omwe amatha kukhazikitsidwa mwachangu. Chifukwa chake poyang'ana gawo ili, pewani nthano za Tesla - Ma motors a Tesla ndi abwino, koma osati abwino kwambiri kotero kuti palibe amene angawapange.
Mwa mitundu yambiri yamagalimoto, omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pamagalimoto amagetsi ndi ma asynchronous motors (omwe amatchedwanso ma induction motors), ma synchronous motors okondwa kunja, maginito okhazikika a synchronous motors ndi ma hybrid synchronous motors. Amene amakhulupirira kuti ma motors atatu oyambirira ali ndi chidziwitso chokhudza magalimoto amagetsi adzakhala ndi mfundo zina zofunika. Ma Asynchronous motors ali ndi mtengo wotsika komanso wodalirika kwambiri, maginito osatha a synchronous motors ali ndi mphamvu zochulukirapo komanso zogwira mtima, kukula kochepa koma mtengo wapamwamba, komanso kuwongolera magawo othamanga kwambiri. .
Mwina simunamvepo pang'ono za ma hybrid synchronous motors, koma posachedwa, ogulitsa ambiri aku Europe ayamba kupereka ma mota otere. Kuchuluka kwa mphamvu ndi mphamvu ndizokwera kwambiri, ndipo mphamvu zowonjezera zimakhala zamphamvu, koma kulamulira sikovuta, komwe kuli koyenera kwambiri kwa magalimoto amagetsi.
Palibe chapadera pa motayi. Poyerekeza ndi maginito okhazikika a synchronous motor, kuwonjezera pa maginito okhazikika, rotor imawonjezeranso mafunde osangalatsa ofanana ndi mota yama synchronous yachikhalidwe. Galimoto yotereyi sikuti imakhala ndi mphamvu zambiri zomwe zimabweretsedwa ndi maginito okhazikika, komanso zimatha kusintha mphamvu ya maginito molingana ndi zosowa kudzera mumayendedwe osangalatsa, omwe amatha kuwongoleredwa mosavuta pagawo lililonse la liwiro. Chitsanzo chodziwika bwino ndi HSM1 series motor yopangidwa ndi BRUSA ku Switzerland. HSM1-10.18.22 yokhotakhota ya mawonekedwe ndi momwe ikuwonekera pachithunzichi. Mphamvu pazipita ndi 220kW ndi makokedwe pazipita 460Nm, koma voliyumu yake ndi 24L (30 masentimita awiri ndi 34 cm m'litali) ndi kulemera za 76kg. Kuchulukana kwamagetsi ndi kachulukidwe ka torque kumafanana ndi zomwe Tesla amapanga. Inde, mtengo si wotsika mtengo. Galimoto iyi ili ndi chosinthira pafupipafupi, ndipo mtengo wake ndi pafupifupi ma euro 11,000.
Pakufunidwa kwa magalimoto amagetsi, kudzikundikira kwaukadaulo wamagalimoto ndikokhwima mokwanira. Chomwe chikusoweka pakali pano ndi mota yopangidwira makamaka magalimoto amagetsi, osati ukadaulo wopanga mota yotere. Amakhulupirira kuti ndi kukula kwapang'onopang'ono ndi chitukuko cha msika, ma motors okhala ndi mphamvu zambiri adzakhala otchuka kwambiri, ndipo mtengo udzakhala pafupi kwambiri ndi anthu.
Pakufunidwa kwa magalimoto amagetsi, pakali pano pali kusowa kwa ma mota omwe amapangidwira magalimoto amagetsi. Amakhulupirira kuti ndi kukula kwapang'onopang'ono ndi chitukuko cha msika, ma motors okhala ndi mphamvu zambiri adzakhala otchuka kwambiri, ndipo mtengo udzakhala pafupi kwambiri ndi anthu.
Kafukufuku wa magalimoto amagetsi amayenera kubwereranso ku chikhalidwe. Chofunikira cha magalimoto amagetsi ndi otetezeka komanso okwera mtengo, osati labotale yaukadaulo yam'manja, ndipo sizifunikira kugwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo wapamwamba kwambiri komanso wapamwamba kwambiri. Pomaliza, ziyenera kukonzedwa ndikukonzedwa molingana ndi zosowa za dera.
Kutuluka kwa Tesla kwawonetsa anthu kuti tsogolo liyenera kukhala la magalimoto amagetsi. Zomwe magalimoto amagetsi amtsogolo adzawoneka komanso malo omwe China idzakhala nawo mumakampani amagetsi amagetsi m'tsogolomu sizikudziwikabe. Ichinso ndi chithumwa cha ntchito ya mafakitale: mosiyana ndi sayansi ya chilengedwe, ngakhale zotsatira zosapeŵeka zosonyezedwa ndi malamulo a sayansi ya chikhalidwe cha anthu zimafuna kuti anthu akwaniritse kupyolera mu kufufuza ndi khama!
(Wolemba: PhD candidate in electric car engineering at Technical University of Munich)
Nthawi yotumiza: Mar-24-2022