Masu sha'awar mota a koyaushe sun kasance masu tsattsauran ra'ayi game da injuna, amma wutar lantarki ba ta iya tsayawa, kuma ana iya sabunta ilimin wasu mutane.
Wanda aka fi sani da shi a yau shi ne injinan zagayowar bugun jini guda hudu, wanda kuma shine tushen samar da wutar lantarki ga mafi yawan motocin da ke amfani da man fetur.Hakazalika da injunan juzu'i huɗu, bugun biyu da na Wankel rotor na injunan konewa na ciki, injinan abin hawa na lantarki ana iya raba su zuwa injunan aiki tare da injunan asynchronous bisa ga bambanci a cikin rotors. Asynchronous Motors kuma ana kiransa induction motors, yayin da injinan aiki tare suna ɗauke da maganadisu na dindindin. da kuma halin yanzu don tada motar.
Stator da kuma Rotor
Duk nau'ikan injin motocin lantarki sun ƙunshi manyan sassa biyu: stator da rotor.
Stator ▼
Stator shine ɓangaren motar da ke tsayawa kuma shine kafaffen gidaje na motar, wanda aka ɗora akan chassis kamar shingen injin.Rotor shine kawai ɓangaren motsi na motar, kama da crankshaft, wanda ke aika da karfin wuta ta hanyar watsawa da bambanci.
The stator ya ƙunshi sassa uku: stator core, stator winding da frame.Yawancin madaidaitan tsagi a cikin jikin stator suna cike da iskar tagulla masu haɗin gwiwa.
Waɗannan iska suna ɗauke da tsattsauran ramuka mai tsafta na tagulla waɗanda ke haɓaka ramin cika yawa da haɗin waya-zuwa-waya kai tsaye.Ƙaƙƙarfan iska yana ƙara ƙarfin juzu'i, yayin da ƙarshen ya fi karkata sosai, yana rage girma don ƙaramin fakitin gabaɗaya.
Stator da rotor▼
Babban aikin stator shine samar da filin maganadisu mai jujjuyawa (RMF), yayin da babban aikin na'urar shine a yanke ta layin karfin maganadisu a cikin filin maganadisu mai jujjuya don samar da (fitarwa) halin yanzu.
Motar tana amfani da alternating current mai hawa uku don saita filin juyi, kuma mitarsa da ƙarfinsa ana sarrafa ta ta na'urorin lantarki waɗanda ke ba da amsa ga abin totur.Batura na'urori ne kai tsaye (DC), don haka na'urorin lantarki na abin hawan lantarki sun haɗa da inverter na DC-AC wanda ke ba da stator tare da mahimmancin AC na yanzu don ƙirƙirar filin maganadisu mai mahimmanci mai mahimmanci.
Amma yana da kyau a yi nuni da cewa suma wadannan injina janareta ne, ma’ana ƙafafun za su mayar da na’urar rotor a cikin stator, ta yadda za su haifar da wani filin maganadisu mai jujjuyawar a wata hanya, su mayar da wutar lantarki zuwa baturin ta hanyar na’urar AC-DC.
Wannan tsari, wanda aka sani da birki mai sabuntawa, yana haifar da ja da rage jinkirin abin hawa.Farfadowa yana cikin jigon ba kawai na tsawaita kewayon motocin lantarki ba, har ma da samari masu inganci sosai, kamar yadda babban sabuntawa ke inganta tattalin arzikin mai.Amma a cikin duniyar gaske, sabuntawa ba ta da inganci kamar "juyar da mota," wanda ke guje wa asarar makamashi.
Yawancin EVs sun dogara da watsa mai sauri-ɗaya don rage gudu tsakanin motar da ƙafafun.Kamar injunan ƙonewa na ciki, injinan lantarki sun fi dacewa a ƙananan rpm da babban nauyi.
Yayin da EV na iya samun kewayo mai kyau tare da kayan aiki guda ɗaya, masu ɗaukar nauyi da SUVs suna amfani da watsa mai saurin gudu don haɓaka kewayo a babban gudu.
Multi-gear EVs ba a saba gani ba, kuma a yau, Audi e-tron GT da Porsche Taycan ne kawai ke amfani da watsa mai sauri biyu.
Nau'in Motoci Uku
An haife shi a karni na 19, injin induction na rotor yana ƙunshe da yadudduka masu tsayi ko sassan kayan aiki, galibi jan ƙarfe kuma wani lokacin aluminum.Filin maganadisu mai jujjuyawa na stator yana haifar da motsi a cikin waɗannan zanen gado, wanda kuma ya haifar da filin lantarki (EMF) wanda zai fara juyawa a cikin filin maganadisu na stator.
Induction Motors ana kiransu asynchronous Motors saboda jawo wutar lantarki da kuma jujjuyawa za'a iya haifar da shi ne kawai lokacin da saurin rotor ke bayan filin maganadisu mai juyawa.Ire-iren waɗannan injinan sun zama ruwan dare domin ba sa buƙatar magnetin ƙasa da ba kasafai ba kuma suna da arha don kera su.Amma ba su da ikon watsar da zafi a kan manyan lodi, kuma a zahiri ba su da inganci a ƙananan gudu.
Motar maganadisu na dindindin, kamar yadda sunan ke nunawa, rotor ɗinsa yana da nasa maganadisu kuma baya buƙatar iko don ƙirƙirar filin maganadisu na rotor.Sun fi dacewa a ƙananan gudu.Irin wannan na'ura kuma yana jujjuyawa daidai gwargwado tare da jujjuyawar filin maganadisu na stator, don haka ana kiransa injin daidaitacce.
Koyaya, kawai kunsa rotor tare da maganadisu yana da nasa matsalolin.Na farko, wannan yana buƙatar manyan maganadiso, kuma tare da ƙarin nauyi, yana iya zama da wahala a ci gaba da aiki tare a babban gudu.Amma babbar matsalar ita ce abin da ake kira high-gudun "baya EMF," wanda ke ƙara ja, yana iyakance ikon ƙarshe, kuma yana haifar da zafi mai yawa wanda zai iya lalata magnet.
Don magance wannan matsalar, galibin injinan maganadisu na dindindin na abin hawa na lantarki suna da maɗaukaki na dindindin na ciki (IPMs) waɗanda ke zamewa bibiyu zuwa ramuka masu siffa V masu tsayi, an shirya su a cikin lobes da yawa a ƙarƙashin saman tushen ƙarfe na rotor.
V-groove yana kiyaye maganadisu na dindindin a cikin babban saurin gudu, amma yana haifar da juzu'i na rashin so tsakanin maganadisu.Magnets ko dai suna sha'awar ko kuma tunkude su ta hanyar wasu maganadisu, amma rashin son rai na yau da kullun, yana jan hankalin lobes na rotor na ƙarfe zuwa filin maganadisu mai juyawa.
Maɗaukakin maganadisu na dindindin suna zuwa cikin wasa a ƙananan gudu, yayin da ƙaƙƙarfan ƙaƙƙarfan ƙaƙƙarfan ƙarfi ke ɗauka a cikin babban gudu.Ana amfani da Prius a cikin wannan tsari.
Nau'in na ƙarshe na injin da ke jin daɗi a yanzu ya fito ne kawai a cikin motocin lantarki. Duka abubuwan da ke sama injiniyoyi ne marasa goga. Hikima ta al'ada tana riƙe da cewa injinan goge-goge su ne kawai zaɓin da za a iya amfani da su don motocin lantarki.Kuma BMW kwanan nan ya saba wa ka'ida kuma ya shigar da gogaggen injunan motsa jiki na AC na yanzu akan sabbin nau'ikan i4 da iX.
Rotor na irin wannan injin yana mu'amala da filin maganadisu mai jujjuyawa na stator, daidai kamar na'urar maganadisu ta dindindin, amma maimakon samun magneto mai dindindin, yana amfani da lobes masu faɗin tagulla guda shida waɗanda ke amfani da makamashi daga baturin DC don ƙirƙirar filin lantarki mai dacewa. .
Wannan yana buƙatar zoben zamewa da goge goge na bazara da za a sanya su akan rotor shaft, don haka wasu mutane suna jin tsoron cewa gogewar za ta sa su tara ƙura kuma su watsar da wannan hanyar.Yayin da jeri na goga ke rufe a cikin keɓantaccen shinge tare da murfin cirewa, ya rage a gani ko goge goge yana da matsala.
Rashin ma'aunin maganadisu na dindindin yana guje wa hauhawar farashin ƙasa da kuma tasirin muhalli na hakar ma'adinai.Wannan bayani kuma yana ba da damar canza ƙarfin filin maganadisu na rotor, don haka yana ba da damar ƙarin haɓakawa.Duk da haka, powering na'ura mai aiki da karfin ruwa har yanzu yana cinye wasu makamashi, wanda ke sa waɗannan injin ɗin ba su da inganci, musamman a ƙananan gudu, inda makamashin da ake buƙata don ƙirƙirar filin maganadisu ya fi girma na yawan amfani.
A cikin ɗan gajeren tarihin motocin lantarki, injunan motsin AC masu jin daɗi na yanzu sababbi ne, kuma har yanzu akwai ɗaki da yawa don sabbin dabaru don haɓakawa, kuma an sami manyan wuraren juyawa, kamar ƙaurawar Tesla daga ra'ayoyin induction motor zuwa dindindin. maganadisu synchronous motor.Kuma ba mu wuce shekaru goma a zamanin EV na zamani ba, kuma yanzu muna farawa.
Lokacin aikawa: Janairu-21-2023