Lokaci ya yi kuma wurin ya yi, kuma dukkan kamfanonin motocin lantarki na kasar Sin sun mamaye. Da alama kasar Sin ta zama cibiyar masana'antar kera motoci ta duniya.
A zahiri, a Jamus, idan rukunin ku bai samar da tulin caji ba, kuna iya buƙatar siyan ɗaya da kanku. a bakin kofa. Duk da haka, koyaushe muna tattaunawa game da dalilin da yasa yawancin kamfanonin motoci na Jamus ba za su iya yin Tesla ba, kuma ba shi da wuya a gano dalilan yanzu.
A cikin 2014, Farfesa Lienkamp na Jami'ar Fasaha ta Munich ya wallafa wani sabon littafi mai suna "Status of Electric Motsitsi 2014", wanda ke da kyauta kuma a bayyane ga al'umma, kuma ya ce: "Ko da yake motocin lantarki suna da lahani iri-iri, ban taba ganin motar da ta dace ba. ya riga ya mallaki motsi na lantarki. Direban motar, sake shiga rungumar motar gargajiya. Hatta motar da aka fi amfani da ita ta wutar lantarki tana kawo muku farin cikin tukin, wanda babu irinsa da motar mai. Irin wannan mota za ta iya sa mai motar ba zai sabunta Jefawa a hannun motocin gargajiya ba?
Kamar yadda muka sani, zuciyar motar lantarki ita ce baturi.
Ga motar lantarki ta yau da kullun, a ƙarƙashin gwajin ƙa'idar Turai, yawan kuzarin da ake amfani da shi a cikin kilomita 100 yana kusan 17kWh, wato, 17 kWh. Dokta Thomas Pesce ya yi nazarin yadda ake amfani da makamashin ƙananan motoci a ƙarƙashin ingantacciyar tsari. Ba tare da la'akari da farashi ba, mafi kyawun amfani da makamashi a cikin kilomita 100 da aka samu ta amfani da fasahar da ake da ita ya ɗan fi 15kWh. Wannan yana nufin cewa a cikin ɗan gajeren lokaci, ƙoƙarin rage yawan amfani da makamashi ta hanyar inganta ingancin motar kanta, ko da ba tare da la'akari da ƙarin farashi ba, tasirin ceton makamashi yana da ƙananan ƙananan.
Ɗauki fakitin baturi 85kWh na Tesla a matsayin misali. Matsakaicin nisan tuƙi shine 500km. Idan aka rage amfani da makamashi zuwa 15kWh/100km ta hanyoyi daban-daban, za a iya kara nisan tuki zuwa 560km. Saboda haka, ana iya cewa rayuwar baturi na mota yana daidai da ƙarfin baturin baturi, kuma madaidaicin ma'auni yana da inganci. Daga wannan ra'ayi, yin amfani da batura tare da mafi girma makamashi yawa (duka makamashi Wh / kg kowace naúrar nauyi da makamashi Wh / L kowace naúrar girma bukatar a yi la'akari) yana da matukar muhimmanci wajen inganta aikin motocin lantarki, domin a cikin motocin lantarki, baturin ya mamaye babban sashi na jimlar nauyi.
Duk nau'ikan batirin lithium-ion sune mafi tsammanin batura da aka fi amfani dasu. Batirin lithium da ake amfani da su a cikin motoci sun haɗa da nickel cobalt lithium manganate ternary baturi (NCM), nickel cobalt lithium aluminate baturi (NCA) da lithium iron phosphate baturi (LPF).
1. Nickel-cobalt lithium manganate ternary baturi NCMAna amfani da motocin lantarki da yawa a ƙasashen waje saboda ƙarancin samar da zafi, ingantacciyar kwanciyar hankali, tsawon rai, da ƙarfin kuzari na 150-220Wh/kg.
2. NCA nickel-cobalt aluminate baturi lithium
Tesla yana amfani da wannan baturi. Yawan makamashi yana da girma, a 200-260Wh/kg, kuma ana sa ran ya kai 300Wh/kg nan da nan. Babban matsalar ita ce, Panasonic ne kawai ke iya samar da wannan baturi a halin yanzu, farashin yana da yawa, kuma aminci shine mafi muni a cikin batirin lithium guda uku, wanda ke buƙatar haɓakar zafi mai ƙarfi da tsarin sarrafa batir.
3. LPF lithium iron phosphate baturi A ƙarshe, bari mu dubi baturin LPF da aka fi amfani da shi a cikin motocin lantarki na cikin gida. Babban hasara na irin wannan nau'in baturi shine cewa ƙarfin makamashi yana da ƙasa sosai, wanda zai iya kaiwa 100-120Wh/kg kawai. Bugu da kari, LPF kuma yana da yawan fitar da kai. Babu ɗayan waɗannan da masu yin EV ke so. Yaduwar karɓar LPF a China ya fi kama da sulhu da masana'antun gida suka yi don sarrafa batir masu tsada da tsarin sanyaya - Batura LPF suna da kwanciyar hankali da aminci sosai, kuma suna iya tabbatar da ingantaccen aiki har ma da tsarin sarrafa baturi mara kyau da tsawon rayuwar batir. Wani fa'idar da wannan fasalin ya kawo shi ne cewa wasu batura na LPF suna da matsanancin ƙarfin fitarwa, wanda zai iya inganta aikin abin hawa. Bugu da ƙari, farashin batir LPF yana da ƙananan ƙananan, don haka ya dace da tsarin da ake amfani da shi a halin yanzu da ƙananan farashi na motocin lantarki na cikin gida. Amma ko za a haɓaka da ƙarfi a matsayin fasahar baturi na gaba, har yanzu akwai alamar tambaya.
Yaya girman batirin matsakaiciyar motar lantarki ya zama? Fakitin baturi ne mai dubban batura na Tesla a jere da layi daya, ko fakitin baturi da aka gina da ƴan manyan batura daga BYD? Wannan tambaya ce da ba a yi bincike ba, kuma a halin yanzu babu takamaiman amsa. Sai kawai halayen fakitin baturi wanda ya ƙunshi manyan sel da ƙananan sel ana gabatar dasu anan.
Lokacin da baturin ya yi ƙanƙanta, jimlar zafin zafi na baturin zai kasance da girma sosai, kuma za'a iya sarrafa yanayin zafin baturin gaba ɗaya ta hanyar ƙirar zafi mai ma'ana don hana babban zafin jiki daga hanzari da raguwa daga rayuwar baturi. Gabaɗaya, ƙarfin ƙarfi da ƙarfin ƙarfin batura masu ƙaramin ƙarfi guda ɗaya zasu kasance mafi girma. A ƙarshe, kuma mafi mahimmanci, gabaɗaya magana, ƙarancin ƙarfin da baturi ɗaya ke da shi, mafi girman amincin abin hawa. Fakitin baturi wanda ya ƙunshi adadi mai yawa na ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta, ko da tantanin halitta ɗaya ya gaza, ba zai haifar da matsala mai yawa ba. Amma idan akwai matsala a cikin baturi mai girma, haɗarin aminci ya fi girma. Don haka, manyan sel suna buƙatar ƙarin na'urorin kariya, wanda ke ƙara rage ƙarfin ƙarfin baturin da ya ƙunshi manyan sel.
Duk da haka, tare da maganin Tesla, rashin amfani kuma a bayyane yake. Dubban batura suna buƙatar tsarin sarrafa baturi mai sarƙaƙƙiya, kuma ƙarin farashin ba za a iya yin la'akari da shi ba. BMS (Tsarin Gudanar da Baturi) da aka yi amfani da shi akan Volkswagen E-Golf, ƙaramin nau'in ƙirar da ke da ikon sarrafa batura 12, farashin $17. Bisa kididdigar da aka yi na adadin batura da Tesla ke amfani da shi, ko da farashin BMS mai cin gashin kansa ya yi ƙasa, farashin zuba jari na Tesla a cikin BMS ya fi dalar Amurka 5,000, wanda ya kai fiye da 5% na kudin da aka kashe. abin hawa gaba daya. Daga wannan ra'ayi, ba za a iya cewa babban baturi ba shi da kyau. Idan farashin BMS bai ragu sosai ba, ya kamata a ƙayyade girman fakitin baturi gwargwadon matsayin motar.
A matsayin wata babbar fasaha a cikin motocin lantarki, motar takan zama jigon tattaunawa, musamman motar Tesla mai girman kankana tare da wasan motsa jiki na wasanni, wanda ya fi ban mamaki (mafi girman ƙarfin Model S na iya kaiwa fiye da 300kW, Matsakaicin matsakaicin). karfin juyi shine 600Nm, kuma mafi girman ƙarfin yana kusa da ƙarfin injin guda ɗaya na EMU mai sauri). Wasu masu bincike a masana'antar kera motoci ta Jamus sun yi sharhi kamar haka.
Tesla yana amfani da kusan komai sai abubuwan da aka saba amfani da su (jikin aluminum,Motar asynchronous don motsawa, fasahar chassis na al'ada tare da iskadakatarwa, ESP da tsarin birki na al'ada tare da famfo injin lantarki, ƙwayoyin kwamfutar tafi-da-gidanka da sauransu.)
Tesla yana amfani da dukkan sassa na al'ada, jikin aluminum, injin asynchronous, tsarin mota na al'ada, tsarin birki da baturin kwamfutar tafi-da-gidanka da sauransu.
Ƙirƙirar gaskiya kawai tana cikin fasahar haɗa baturisel, waɗanda ke amfani da wayoyi masu haɗawa waɗanda Tesla ya ƙirƙira, da kuma baturitsarin gudanarwa wanda za'a iya walƙiya "a kan iska", ma'ana cewaabin hawa baya buƙatar tuƙi zuwa taron bita don karɓar sabunta software.
Ƙirƙirar hazaka ɗaya tilo da Tesla ya yi shine a cikin sarrafa baturi. Suna amfani da kebul na baturi na musamman, da BMS wanda ke ba da damar sadarwar mara waya kai tsaye ba tare da buƙatar komawa masana'anta don sabunta software ba.
A zahiri, babban ƙarfin ƙarfin ƙarfin asynchronous motar Tesla ba sabon abu bane. A cikin tsarin farko na Tesla na Roadster, ana amfani da samfuran Tomita Electric na Taiwan, kuma sigogin ba su da bambanci da sigogin da Model S ya sanar. motocin da za a iya sa su cikin sauri cikin samarwa. Don haka lokacin kallon wannan filin, guje wa tatsuniyar Tesla - Motocin Tesla suna da kyau, amma ba su da kyau sosai ta yadda babu wanda zai iya gina su.
Daga cikin nau'ikan motoci da yawa, waɗanda aka saba amfani da su a cikin motocin lantarki sun haɗa da injina masu kama da juna (wanda kuma ake kira induction motors), injina masu jin daɗi na waje, na'urorin haɗin gwal na dindindin da na'urori masu haɗaɗɗun haɗaɗɗiya. Waɗanda suka yi imanin cewa na'urori uku na farko suna da wasu ilimin game da motocin lantarki za su sami wasu ra'ayoyi na asali. Motocin Asynchronous suna da ƙarancin farashi da babban abin dogaro, na'urorin haɗin gwiwar maganadisu na dindindin suna da ƙarfin ƙarfin ƙarfi da inganci, ƙaramin girman amma babban farashi, da hadaddun sarrafa sashe mai sauri. .
Wataƙila kun ji ƙasa kaɗan game da injinan haɗin gwiwar haɗin gwiwa, amma kwanan nan, yawancin masu ba da motoci na Turai sun fara samar da irin waɗannan injinan. Ƙarfin wutar lantarki da inganci yana da girma sosai, kuma ƙarfin yin aiki yana da ƙarfi, amma sarrafawa ba shi da wahala, wanda ya dace da motocin lantarki.
Babu wani abu na musamman game da wannan motar. Idan aka kwatanta da injin maganadisu na dindindin na aiki tare, ban da maɗaukakin maganadisu na dindindin, na'ura mai juyi yana ƙara iskar sha'awa mai kama da injin ɗin daidaitawa na gargajiya. Irin wannan motar ba wai kawai tana da ƙarfin ƙarfin ƙarfin da ƙarfin maganadisu na dindindin ya kawo ba, amma kuma yana iya daidaita filin maganadisu bisa ga buƙatu ta hanyar iska mai motsa rai, wanda za'a iya sarrafa shi cikin sauƙi a kowane sashe na sauri. Misali na yau da kullun shine jerin motocin HSM1 da BRUSA ke samarwa a Switzerland. Haɓakar sifa ta HSM1-10.18.22 tana kamar yadda aka nuna a cikin hoton da ke ƙasa. Matsakaicin ƙarfin shine 220kW kuma matsakaicin ƙarfin shine 460Nm, amma girmansa shine 24L kawai (30 cm a diamita da 34 cm tsayi) kuma yana auna kusan 76kg. Ƙarfin ƙarfin ƙarfi da ƙarfin ƙarfi suna kama da samfuran Tesla. Tabbas, farashin ba shi da arha. Wannan motar tana sanye da na'ura mai jujjuyawa, kuma farashin yana kusa da Yuro 11,000.
Don buƙatun motocin lantarki, tarawar fasahar mota ta balaga sosai. Abin da ya rasa a halin yanzu shine motar da aka kera ta musamman don motocin lantarki, ba fasahar kera irin wannan injin ba. An yi imanin cewa da sannu a hankali balaga da bunƙasa kasuwa, motocin da ke da ƙarfin ƙarfin gaske za su ƙara karuwa, kuma farashin zai kara kusantar mutane.
Don buƙatar motocin lantarki, a halin yanzu akwai ƙarancin injinan da aka kera musamman don motocin lantarki. An yi imanin cewa da sannu a hankali balaga da bunƙasa kasuwa, motocin da ke da ƙarfin ƙarfin gaske za su ƙara karuwa, kuma farashin zai kara kusantar mutane.
Binciken kan motocin lantarki yana buƙatar komawa ga ainihin. Mahimman abubuwan da motocin lantarki ke amfani da su lafiyayye ne kuma sufuri mai araha, ba dakin gwaje-gwajen fasahar tafi da gidanka ba, kuma ba lallai ba ne a yi amfani da fasahar zamani da ta zamani. A cikin bincike na ƙarshe, ya kamata a tsara shi kuma a tsara shi daidai da bukatun yankin.
Bayyanar Tesla ya nuna wa mutane cewa nan gaba dole ne ya kasance na motocin lantarki. Har yanzu ba a san yadda motocin lantarki za su kasance nan gaba ba da kuma matsayin da kasar Sin za ta dauka a masana'antar motocin lantarki a nan gaba. Wannan kuma shi ne fara'a na aikin masana'antu: sabanin kimiyyar dabi'a, har ma da sakamakon da ba makawa da dokokin kimiyyar zamantakewa suka nuna yana buƙatar mutane su cimma shi ta hanyar bincike mai zurfi da ƙoƙari!
(Marubuci: Dan takarar PhD a injiniyan abin hawa lantarki a Jami'ar Fasaha ta Munich)
Lokacin aikawa: Maris 24-2022