Motocin lantarki sun ƙunshi sassa uku ne: tsarin tuƙi, tsarin batir da tsarin sarrafa abin hawa. Tsarin tuƙi shine ɓangaren da ke juyar da makamashin lantarki kai tsaye zuwa makamashin injina, wanda ke ƙayyadaddun alamun aikin motocin lantarki. Saboda haka, zaɓin motar tuƙi yana da mahimmanci musamman.
A muhallin kare muhalli, motocin lantarki su ma sun zama wurin bincike a cikin 'yan shekarun nan. Motocin lantarki na iya cimma sifili ko ƙarancin hayaƙi a cikin zirga-zirgar birane, kuma suna da fa'ida mai yawa a fagen kare muhalli. Dukkanin kasashe suna aiki tukuru don haɓaka motocin lantarki. Motocin lantarki sun ƙunshi sassa uku ne: tsarin tuƙi, tsarin batir da tsarin sarrafa abin hawa. Tsarin tuƙi shine ɓangaren da ke juyar da makamashin lantarki kai tsaye zuwa makamashin injina, wanda ke ƙayyadaddun alamun aikin motocin lantarki. Saboda haka, zaɓin motar tuƙi yana da mahimmanci musamman.
1. Abubuwan buƙatun motocin lantarki don injin tuƙi
A halin yanzu, kimanta aikin abin hawa na lantarki yana la'akari da alamun aiki guda uku masu zuwa:
(1) Matsakaicin nisan mil (km): matsakaicin nisan abin hawan lantarki bayan cikakken cajin baturi;
(2) Ƙarfin haɓakawa (s): mafi ƙarancin lokacin da ake buƙata don abin hawa na lantarki don haɓakawa daga tsayawar zuwa takamaiman gudun;
(3) Matsakaicin gudun (km/h): matsakaicin gudun da abin hawa lantarki zai iya kaiwa.
Motoci da aka ƙera don halayen tuƙi na motocin lantarki suna da buƙatun aiki na musamman idan aka kwatanta da injinan masana'antu:
(1) Motar motar motar lantarki yawanci tana buƙatar buƙatun aiki mai ƙarfi don farawa / tsayawa akai-akai, haɓakawa / raguwa, da sarrafa juzu'i;
(2) Domin rage nauyin dukan abin hawa, yawanci ana soke watsawa da sauri, wanda ke buƙatar cewa motar za ta iya samar da mafi girma a cikin ƙananan gudu ko lokacin hawan dutse, kuma yawanci yana iya jurewa sau 4-5. da yawa;
(3) Ana buƙatar kewayon ƙayyadaddun tsarin saurin ya zama babba kamar yadda zai yiwu, kuma a lokaci guda, yana da mahimmanci don kula da ingantaccen aiki mai ƙarfi a cikin duk kewayon ƙa'idar saurin gudu;
(4) An ƙera motar don samun saurin ƙididdigewa kamar yadda zai yiwu, kuma a lokaci guda, ana amfani da katako na aluminum kamar yadda zai yiwu. Motar mai sauri tana da ƙananan girma, wanda ke taimakawa wajen rage nauyin motocin lantarki;
(5) Motocin lantarki yakamata su sami mafi kyawun amfani da makamashi kuma suna da aikin dawo da kuzarin birki. Ya kamata makamashin da aka samu ta hanyar birki mai sabuntawa gabaɗaya ya kai kashi 10-20% na jimlar makamashi;
(6) Yanayin aiki na motar da aka yi amfani da shi a cikin motocin lantarki ya fi rikitarwa kuma mai tsanani, yana buƙatar motar don samun aminci mai kyau da kuma daidaita yanayin muhalli, kuma a lokaci guda don tabbatar da cewa farashin samar da motoci ba zai iya yin yawa ba.
2. Motoci da yawa da ake amfani da su
Motar DC 2.1
A farkon matakan haɓaka motocin lantarki, yawancin motocin lantarki sun yi amfani da injin DC a matsayin injin tuƙi. Irin wannan fasaha na mota yana da ɗan ƙaramin girma, tare da hanyoyin sarrafawa masu sauƙi da ingantaccen tsarin saurin gudu. A da ita ce aka fi amfani da ita a fagen sarrafa saurin gudu. . Duk da haka, saboda hadadden tsarin inji na injin DC, kamar: goge-goge da masu zirga-zirgar injina, saurin ɗaukar nauyinsa nan take da ƙarin haɓakar injin ɗin yana iyakance, kuma a cikin yanayin aiki na dogon lokaci, tsarin injin ɗin. Motar zai zama Asarar da aka haifar kuma ana ƙara farashin kulawa. Bugu da ƙari, lokacin da motar ke gudana, tartsatsin da ke fitowa daga goga yana sa na'urar tayi zafi, ɓata makamashi, yana da wuya a watsar da zafi, kuma yana haifar da tsangwama mai girma na lantarki, wanda ke shafar aikin abin hawa. Saboda gazawar da ke sama na injinan DC, motocin lantarki na yanzu sun kawar da injinan DC.
2.2 AC asynchronous mota
AC asynchronous motor wani nau'in injin ne wanda ake amfani dashi sosai a masana'antar. An halin da cewa stator da rotor an laminated da silicon karfe zanen gado. Dukkanin ƙarshen suna kunshe da murfin aluminum. , abin dogara da aiki mai dorewa, kulawa mai sauƙi. Idan aka kwatanta da injin DC mai ƙarfi iri ɗaya, injin asynchronous na AC ya fi dacewa, kuma taro yana da kusan rabin wuta. Idan an karɓi hanyar sarrafawa na sarrafa vector, ana iya samun ikon sarrafawa da kewayon ƙayyadaddun tsarin saurin sauri kwatankwacin na injin DC. Saboda fa'idodin ingantaccen aiki, babban takamaiman iko, da dacewa don aiki mai sauri, AC asynchronous Motors sune mafi yawan amfani da injina a cikin manyan motocin lantarki masu ƙarfi. A halin yanzu, AC asynchronous motors an kera su a kan sikeli mai girma, kuma akwai nau'ikan samfuran balagagge da za a zaɓa daga ciki. Duk da haka, a cikin yanayin aiki mai sauri, rotor na motar yana da zafi sosai, kuma dole ne a sanyaya motar yayin aiki. A lokaci guda, tuƙi da tsarin sarrafawa na motar asynchronous yana da rikitarwa sosai, kuma farashin jikin motar yana da yawa. Idan aka kwatanta da injin maganadisu na dindindin da ƙin yarda ga injiniyoyi, inganci da ƙarfin ƙarfin injinan asynchronous ba su da ƙarfi, waɗanda ba su da amfani don haɓaka matsakaicin matsakaicin nisan motocin lantarki.
2.3 Motar maganadisu na dindindin
Za a iya raba na'urorin magneti na dindindin zuwa nau'i biyu bisa ga nau'i-nau'i daban-daban na halin yanzu na stator windings, daya shine motar DC maras goge, wanda ke da motsin bugun jini na rectangular; ɗayan kuma shine injin maganadisu na dindindin na aiki tare, wanda ke da sine kalaman halin yanzu. Nau'ikan injina guda biyu suna da asali iri ɗaya a cikin tsari da ƙa'idar aiki. Rotors su ne magneto na dindindin, wanda ke rage asarar da ke haifar da tashin hankali. An shigar da stator tare da iska don samar da juzu'i ta hanyar canza yanayin yanzu, don haka sanyaya yana da sauƙi. Saboda irin wannan nau'in motar ba ya buƙatar shigar da gogewa da tsarin motsi na inji, ba za a haifar da tartsatsin motsi ba yayin aiki, aikin yana da aminci kuma abin dogara, kulawa ya dace, kuma yawan amfani da makamashi yana da yawa.
Tsarin sarrafawa na injin maganadisu na dindindin ya fi sauƙi fiye da tsarin sarrafawa na injin asynchronous AC. Koyaya, saboda ƙayyadaddun tsari na kayan maganadisu na dindindin, ikon kewayon injin maganadisu na dindindin ƙarami ne, kuma matsakaicin ƙarfin gabaɗaya dubun miliyoyi ne kawai, wanda shine babban hasara na injin maganadisu na dindindin. A lokaci guda kuma, ma'aunin maganadisu na dindindin akan na'ura mai juyi zai sami sabon abu na lalatawar maganadisu a ƙarƙashin yanayin yanayin zafi mai ƙarfi, girgizawa da wuce gona da iri, don haka a ƙarƙashin ingantattun yanayin aiki, injin maganadisu na dindindin yana fuskantar lalacewa. Bugu da ƙari, farashin kayan maganadisu na dindindin yana da yawa, don haka farashin duk motar da tsarin kulawa yana da yawa.
2.4 Motar Rashin son Canjawa
A matsayin sabon nau'in injin, motar da ba ta so ta canza tana da tsari mafi sauƙi idan aka kwatanta da sauran nau'ikan injin tuƙi. A stator da na'ura mai juyi duka biyu salient Tsarin yi da talakawa silicon karfe zanen gado. Babu tsari akan rotor. Stator yana sanye da iska mai sauƙi mai sauƙi, wanda ke da fa'idodi da yawa kamar tsari mai sauƙi da ƙarfi, babban abin dogaro, nauyi mai sauƙi, ƙarancin farashi, babban inganci, haɓakar ƙarancin zafin jiki, da kulawa mai sauƙi. Bugu da ƙari, yana da kyawawan halaye na ingantaccen tsarin sarrafawa na tsarin sarrafa saurin DC, kuma ya dace da yanayi mai tsauri, kuma yana da matukar dacewa don amfani da motar motsa jiki don motocin lantarki.
Idan aka yi la’akari da cewa kamar yadda injinan abin hawa na lantarki, injinan DC da injin magnetin dindindin suna da ƙarancin daidaitawa a cikin tsari da hadaddun yanayin aiki, kuma suna da haɗari ga gazawar inji da lalata, wannan takarda ta mai da hankali kan ƙaddamar da injunan ƙin yarda da motsin AC asynchronous. Idan aka kwatanta da na'ura, yana da fa'ida a bayyane a cikin abubuwan da ke gaba.
2.4.1 Tsarin jikin motar
Tsarin injin da ba a so ya canza ya fi sauƙi fiye da na squirrel-cage induction motor. Babban fa'idarsa shine cewa babu iska akan na'ura mai juyi, kuma an yi shi ne da zanen karfe na silicon na yau da kullun. Yawancin hasarar da ke cikin motar gaba ɗaya an mayar da hankali ne akan iskar stator, wanda ya sa motar ta zama mai sauƙi don ƙera, yana da kyakkyawan rufi, yana da sauƙi don kwantar da hankali, kuma yana da kyawawan halaye na zubar da zafi. Wannan tsarin motar zai iya rage girman da nauyin motar, kuma ana iya samun shi tare da ƙaramin ƙara. mafi girma fitarwa iko. Saboda kyakkyawan elasticity na injin na'ura mai juyi, ana iya amfani da injunan ƙin yarda don aiki mai saurin gaske.
2.4.2 Motoci da kewaye
Halin halin yanzu na tsarin tuƙi na ƙin yarda da motsi ba shi da alaƙa kuma ba shi da alaƙa da juzu'in juzu'i, kuma babban na'urar sauyawa ɗaya kawai za a iya amfani da shi don saduwa da yanayin aiki mai ƙarfi huɗu na motar. An haɗa da'irar mai sauya wutar lantarki kai tsaye a cikin jeri tare da jujjuyawar motsin motar, kuma kowane lokaci da'irar yana ba da wuta da kansa. Ko da wani lokaci na iska ko mai kula da motar ya gaza, kawai yana buƙatar dakatar da aikin lokaci ba tare da haifar da tasiri mai girma ba. Sabili da haka, duka jikin motar da mai canza wutar lantarki suna da aminci sosai kuma abin dogaro, don haka sun fi dacewa don amfani a cikin yanayi mara kyau fiye da injunan asynchronous.
2.4.3 Abubuwan aiki na tsarin motar
Motocin ƙin yarda da sauye-sauye suna da sigogin sarrafawa da yawa, kuma yana da sauƙi don saduwa da buƙatun aikin huɗun huɗun na motocin lantarki ta hanyar dabarun sarrafawa masu dacewa da ƙirar tsarin, kuma yana iya kula da ingantaccen ƙarfin birki a cikin wuraren aiki mai sauri. Motocin da ba su so su canza ba kawai suna da babban inganci ba, har ma suna kula da inganci sosai akan tsarin tsarin saurin gudu, wanda bai dace da sauran nau'ikan tsarin tuƙi ba. Wannan wasan kwaikwayon ya dace sosai don aikin motocin lantarki, kuma yana da fa'ida sosai don haɓaka kewayon tafiye-tafiye na motocin lantarki.
3. Kammalawa
Manufar wannan takarda ita ce gabatar da alfanun da ke tattare da sauya motar da ba ta so a matsayin abin tuƙi don motocin lantarki ta hanyar kwatanta nau'ikan tsarin sarrafa saurin mota da aka saba amfani da su, wanda ke zama wurin bincike wajen haɓaka motocin lantarki. Don irin wannan nau'in motar ta musamman, har yanzu akwai ɗaki mai yawa don haɓakawa a aikace-aikace masu amfani. Masu bincike suna buƙatar ƙara ƙoƙari don gudanar da bincike na ka'idar, kuma a lokaci guda, ya zama dole a haɗa bukatun kasuwa don inganta aikace-aikacen irin wannan motar a aikace.
Lokacin aikawa: Maris 24-2022